HP SQLMX Publish Subscribe Functionality

Traditionally, relational database systems are passive data stores. Applications can only retrieve and update data. Applications cannot request notification when new data becomes available or when existing data is updated. However, immediate notification of additions and updates to the database is essential for many applications. Publish/subscribe is an event-driven mechanism in which a process known as a subscriber receives notification of a published event from a process known as a publisher. Queuing differs from publish/subscribe in that one, and only one, subscriber consumes the published event or message. Queuing and publish/subscribe is often used in applications in which a process needs to know of the existence of a timely event, such the availability of a stock at a certain price or the arrival of a parcel at a particular location. Queuing and publish/subscribe services allow applications to receive notification of changes to a database as soon as they occur. Applications might update and retrieve data, but might need to be notified when data is updated or new data is added. Publish/subscribe makes it possible to be notified in real time, and at less cost to the system.

Why Use Publish/Subscribe?

Suppose that you have a system to process new invoices. The invoices are stored in a table, and a column called PROCESSED indicates unprocessed invoices. An application processes these new invoices and updates the PROCESSED column to show they have been processed. After all the invoices have been processed, the application tries to fetch another unprocessed invoice and receives an end-of-file condition. Without publish/subscribe services, this process is more costly. To retrieve new invoices that are inserted into the table after the end-of-file condition, the application must close its cursor and reopen it, perhaps after waiting an interval, to see if new invoices have arrived. This polling requires the closing and reopening of the cursor, which has significant performance costs. It also requires application code to handle the looping and end-of-file conditions. You would probably code this application with an updatable cursor using a selection predicate to include rows whose PROCESSED column is set to FALSE. You might also use a positioned UPDATE statement to change the PROCESSED column to TRUE. The application would need both of these statements to retrieve the information it needs to process the invoice, and to make sure the invoice is processed only once. As a result, every invoice would need two calls to the SQL executor, again at the expense of extra performance costs and
application complexity.     If you simply started many instances of the application in an attempt to make this application scalable, they would conflict with each other. As one instance held a lock on the next invoice that needed processing, the others would have to wait. To avoid conflict, you would have to devise a logical partitioning scheme so each instance processed a subset of the invoices, adding complexity to the application and the database schema. Publish/Subscribe services provides solutions for each of these problems: • Rather than polling for changes to the invoice table, the application can use stream access mode. Stream access mode changes the behavior of the table: an attempt to fetch a row blocks, if necessary, until more rows are available. The application code becomes simpler and performs better. • Instead of using a positioned UPDATE to mark the row as processed, the application can use a special type of statement, an embedded UPDATE, to select and update a row in a single call. Again, the application code is simpler and performs better.   • Publish/subscribe can use a special access mode, skip conflict access. As a result, the various instances of the invoice processing application skip rows that are locked and select and update other available rows. The application achieves better performance without having to use a partitioning scheme.   Without Pub/Sub A. retrieve record B. process ... ... C. update status   With Pub/Sub A. retrieve record(Embeded update) B. process ... ...   Publish/subscribe supports only audited tables.  

Terminologys about Publish/Subscrib

Publishing, Inserting or updating rows of data in a queue or channel by using an INSERT or UPDATE statement. Subscribing, Subscribing to entries in a queue or channel by using a SELECT statement specifying stream access to be notified when changes occur. Stream access, Changes the behavior of a table in a SELECT or embedded UPDATE or DELETE statement. When no more rows satisfy the selection predicate, the statement waits for more rows. Queue, A database table read and updated in stream access mode, using an UPDATE or DELETE statement embedded in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement. Only a single subscriber will receive the new entry. Channel, A database table used by applications specifying stream access to subscribe to newly published entries. The entries remain in the table. All subscribers receive new entries.   Queuing enqueueing,Inserting entries into a queue by using an INSERT or UPDATE statement. Dequeueing, Reading and deleting entries with a single operation by using a SELECT statement with an embedded DELETE or UPDATE. This dequeue operation is sometimes referred to as a destructive SELECT. For another description of a destructive SELECT Semi-queuing,Reading a queue by skipping rows that are locked by another transaction so that transactions do not block each other.     Major Features • Stream access mode • Embedded DELETE and UPDATE statements • Skip conflict access mode • Set on rollback • Holdable cursors • Rowset integration • Horizontally partitioned tables • Ordered streams  

1. Stream Access

    It allows an application to access SQL/MP or SQL/MX database tables as continuous data streams. The stream access mode first causes a regular scan of the table and, after all available rows have been returned, causes fetch operations to wait (block) instead of returning the end-of-data condition. The fetch operation resumes when new rows become available.  

1. CREATE TABLE sos.ecui.quotes
2. (symbol CHAR(5), price INT);
3.  
4. SET NAMETYPE ANSI;
5. SET SCHEMA sos.ecui;
6. SELECT * FROM STREAM(quotes);
7. //This application is in a wait state until rows are inserted into the table.
8.  
9. SYMBOL  PRICE
10. ------  -----------
11.  
12. IBM              10
13. APP              11
14.  
15. >>INSERT INTO quotes VALUES(‘IBM‘,10);
16.  
17. ---1 row(s) inserted.
18. >>INSERT INTO quotes VALUES(‘APP‘,11);
19.  
20. ---1 row(s) inserted.
21.  
22. UntilBreake it.
23.  
24. *** WARNING[15033]Break was received.
25.  
26.  
27. *** WARNING[15018]Break was received.  Thelast statement may be lost.

   Another way to stop it, set the timeout for the stream. the default value is -1. The STREAM_TIMEOUT value is set to 300 in hundredths of seconds, which is equivalent to 3 seconds.  When the stream times out, control is returned to the application. If the application is MXCI, the user will not be able to use the cursor, even though it is still opened. This is because MXCI does not allow the user to control (open, fetch, and close) cursors directly. However, a user-written application can use the cursor to fetch again.    

1. >>CONTROL QUERY DEFAULT stream_timeout ‘300‘;
2.  
3. --- SQL operation complete.
4. >>SELECT * FROM STREAM(quotes);
5.  
6. SYMBOL  PRICE
7. ------  -----------
8.  
9. IBM              10
10. APP              11
11.  
12. *** ERROR[8006]The stream timed out, but the cursor is still open.
13.  
14. ---2 row(s) selected.

 

2. Embedded DELETE

Embedded DELETE statements allow applications to read and delete rows with a single operation. Dequeue operations are implemented by using an embedded DELETE together with stream access. Destructive SELECTs， Support for SQL/MP and SQL/MX Tables  

1. CREATE TABLE ecui.invoices
2. (contractnbr INT, amount INT, priority INT);
3.  
4. INSERT INTO invoices VALUES(100,10500,1);
5. INSERT INTO invoices VALUES(200,20390,2);
6. INSERT INTO invoices VALUES(300,30800,3);
7.  
8. >>SELECT * FROM
9. +>(DELETE FROM STREAM(invoices)) AS invoices;
10.  
11. CONTRACTNBR  AMOUNT       PRIORITY
12. -----------  -----------  -----------
13.  
14.         100        10500            1
15.         200        20390            2
16.         300        30800            3
17.  
18. *** ERROR[8006]The stream timed out, but the cursor is still open.
19.  
20. ---3 row(s) selected.
21. >>SELECT * FROM invoices;
22.  
23. ---0 row(s) selected.

The available rows are retrieved and deleted.The application is now in a wait stateuntil more rows are inserted into the table. or the stream timeout. And, we can use RollBack to cancle the Deletion. Because the test will delete the records, so we will control the transaction manurally. so we need to know something about BEGIN WORK statment;

The BEGIN WORK statement enables you to start a transaction explicitly—where the transaction consists of the set of operations defined by the sequence of SQL statements that begins immediately after BEGIN WORK and ends with the next COMMIT WORK or ROLLBACK WORK statement. The BEGIN WORK statement has no effect on nonaudited tables.

the structure is asbelow,

 

1. ---This statement initiates a transaction.
2. BEGIN WORK;
3. --- SQL operation complete.
5.  there are some other SQL operations......
6. ---This statement ends a transaction.
7. COMMIT WORK;/ ROLLBACK WORK;
8. --- SQL operation complete.
9.  
10. CONTROL QUERY DEFAULT stream_timeout ‘300‘;
11. BEGIN WORK;
12. SELECT * FROM
13. (DELETE FROM STREAM(invoices)) AS invoices;
14. CONTRACTNBR AMOUNT PRIORITY
15. ---------------------------------
16. 100105001
17. 200203902
18. 300308003
19. *** ERROR[8006]The stream timed out,
20. but the cursor is still open.
21. ROLLBACK WORK;
22. SELECT * FROM invoices;
23. CONTRACTNBR AMOUNT PRIORITY
24. ---------------------------------
25. 100105001
26. 200203902
27. 300308003
28. ---3 row(s) selected.
29.  
30.  
31. the differences between "delete form table_name where ......."?
32. Directlydelete just delete it, cannot get the value in this record and process it.
33. With the Pub/Sub, we can get this record and then process it and delete it at last. 

3. Embedded UPDATE

Embedded UPDATE statements enable applications to read and update rows with a single operation.  

1. CREATE TABLE ecui.orders
2. (order_nbr INT,
3. amount INT,
4. status CHAR(1) DEFAULT ‘N‘);
5.  
6. INSERT INTO ORDERS(ORDER_NBR,AMOUNT) VALUES(1,500);
7. INSERT INTO ORDERS(ORDER_NBR,AMOUNT) VALUES(2,4500);
8. INSERT INTO ORDERS(ORDER_NBR,AMOUNT) VALUES(3,2100);
9.  
10. >>SELECT * FROM ORDERS;
11.  
12. ORDER_NBR    AMOUNT       STATUS
13. -----------

    • < 上一篇

      浅入浅出SQL注入

    • 下一篇 >

      数据库VIEW(视图)