时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:2人阅读
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本文将介绍MySQL用户密码相关的一些知识,以及5.6中对于安全性的一些改进
如果你已经接触MySQL一段时间了,那么想必你一定知道MySQL把所有用户的用户名和密码的密文存放在mysql.user
表中。大致的形式如下:
mysql [localhost] {msandbox} (mysql) > select user,password from mysql.user;
+----------------+-------------------------------------------+
| user | password |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------+
| root | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| plain_password | *861D75A7F79DE84B116074893BBBA7C4F19C14FA |
| msandbox | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| msandbox | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| msandbox_rw | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| msandbox_rw | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| msandbox_ro | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| msandbox_ro | *6C387FC3893DBA1E3BA155E74754DA6682D04747 |
| rsandbox | *B07EB15A2E7BD9620DAE47B194D5B9DBA14377AD |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------+
9 rows in set (0.01 sec)*
可见MySQL在其内部是不存放用户的明文密码的(这个也是一般程序对于敏感信息的最基础保护)。一般来说密文是通过不可逆加密算法得到的。这样即使敏感信息泄漏,除了暴力破解是无法快速从密文直接得到明文的。
MySQL实际上是使用了两次SHA1夹杂一次unhex的方式对用户密码进行了加密。具体的算法可以用公式表示:password_str = concat('*', sha1(unhex(sha1(password))))
我们可以用下面的方法做个简单的验证。
mysql [localhost] {msandbox} (mysql) > select password('mypassword'),concat('*',sha1(unhex(sha1('mypassword'))));
+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| password('mypassword') | concat('*',sha1(unhex(sha1('mypassword')))) |
+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| *FABE5482D5AADF36D028AC443D117BE1180B9725 | *fabe5482d5aadf36d028ac443d117be1180b9725 |
+-------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
其实MySQL在5.6版本以前,对于对于安全性的重视度非常低,对于用户密码也不例外。例如,MySQL对于binary log中和用户密码相关的操作是不加密的。如果你向MySQL发送了例如create user
,grant user ... identified by
这样的携带初始明文密码的指令,那么会在binary log中原原本本的被还原出来。我们通过下面的例子来验证。
创建一个用户:
mysql [localhost] {msandbox} (mysql) > create user plain_password identified by 'plain_pass';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
用mysqlbinlog查看二进制日志:
shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000001
# at 106
#150227 23:37:59 server id 1 end_log_pos 223 Query thread_id=1 exec_time=0 error_code=0
use mysql/*!*/;
SET TIMESTAMP=1425051479/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=1, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C latin1 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=8,@@session.collation_connection=8,@@session.collation_server=8/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
create user plain_password identified by 'plain_pass'
/*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
ROLLBACK /* added by mysqlbinlog */;
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
好在MySQL5.6开始对安全性有了一定的重视,为了杜绝明文密码出现在binlog中的情况,MySQL引入了一系列会以密文方式记录二进制日志的命令:
CREATE USER … IDENTIFIED BY …
GRANT … IDENTIFIED BY …
SET PASSWORD …
SLAVE START … PASSWORD = … (as of 5.6.4)
CREATE SERVER … OPTIONS(… PASSWORD …) (as of 5.6.9)
ALTER SERVER … OPTIONS(… PASSWORD …) (as of 5.6.9)
细心你的也许会发现,change master to master_password=''
命令不在这个范畴中。这也就意味着MySQL5.6中仍然使用这样的语法来启动replication时有安全风险的。这也就是为什么5.6中使用带有明文密码的change master to
时会有warning提示,具体如下:
slave1 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > change master to master_host='127.0.0.1',master_port =21288,master_user='rsandbox',master_password='rsandbox',master_auto_position=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec)
slave1 [localhost] {msandbox} ((none)) > show warnings;
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+-------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Note | 1759 | Sending passwords in plain text without SSL/TLS is extremely insecure.