SQL Server 中的触发器(trigger)
时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17
帮助过:4人阅读
update、
insert、delete这些操作的时候,系统会自动调用执行该表上对应的触发器。SQL Server 2005中触发器可以分为两类:DML触发器和DDL触发器,其中DDL触发器它们会影响多种数据定义语言语句而激发,这些语句有create、
alter、drop语句。
DML触发器分为:
1、 after触发器(之后触发)
a、 insert触发器
b、 update触发器
c、 delete触发器
2、 instead
of 触发器 (之前触发)
其中after触发器要求只有执行某一操作insert、update、delete之后触发器才被触发,且只能定义在表上。而instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(
insert、
update、
delete)而仅是执行触发器本身。既可以在表上定义instead of触发器,也可以在视图上定义。
触发器有两个特殊的表:插入表(instered表)和删除表(deleted表)。这两张是逻辑表也是虚表。有系统在内存中创建者两张表,不会存储在数据库中。而且两张表的都是只读的,只能读取数据而不能修改数据。这两张表的结果总是与被改触发器应用的表的结构相同。当触发器完成工作后,这两张表就会被删除。Inserted表的数据是插入或是修改后的数据,而deleted表的数据是更新前的或是删除的数据。
对表的操作
Inserted逻辑表
Deleted逻辑表
增加记录(insert)
存放增加的记录
无
删除记录(delete)
无
存放被删除的记录
修改记录(update)
存放更新后的记录
存放更新前的记录
Update数据的时候就是先删除表记录,然后增加一条记录。这样在inserted和deleted表就都有update后的数据记录了。注意的是:触发器本身就是一个事务,所以在触发器里面可以对修改数据进行一些特殊的检查。如果不满足可以利用事务回滚,撤销操作。
Ø 创建触发器
语法
create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encrypion –加密触发器
for update...
as
Transact-SQL
# 创建insert类型触发器
--创建insert插入类型触发器
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_classes_insert‘,
‘tr‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_classes_insert
go
create trigger tgr_classes_insert
on classes
for insert --插入触发
as
--定义变量
declare @id int,
@name varchar(
20),
@temp int;
--在inserted表中查询已经插入记录信息
select @id = id,
@name = name
from inserted;
set @name = @name + convert(
varchar,
@id);
set @temp = @id / 2;
insert into student
values(
@name,
18 + @id,
@temp,
@id);
print ‘添加学生成功!‘;
go
--插入数据
insert into classes
values(
‘5班‘,
getDate());
--查询数据
select * from classes;
select * from student
order by id;
insert触发器,会在inserted表中添加一条刚插入的记录。
# 创建delete类型触发器
--delete删除类型触发器
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_classes_delete‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_classes_delete
go
create trigger tgr_classes_delete
on classes
for delete --删除触发
as
print ‘备份数据中……‘;
if (
object_id(
‘classesBackup‘,
‘U‘)
is not null)
--存在classesBackup,直接插入数据
insert into classesBackup
select name, createDate
from deleted;
else
--不存在classesBackup创建再插入
select * into classesBackup
from deleted;
print ‘备份数据成功!‘;
go
--
--不显示影响行数
--set nocount on;
delete classes
where name
= ‘5班‘;
--查询数据
select * from classes;
select * from classesBackup;
delete触发器会在删除数据的时候,将刚才删除的数据保存在deleted表中。
# 创建update类型触发器
--update更新类型触发器
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_classes_update‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_classes_update
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update
on classes
for update
as
declare @oldName varchar(
20),
@newName varchar(
20);
--更新前的数据
select @oldName = name
from deleted;
if (
exists (
select * from student
where name
like ‘%‘+ @oldName + ‘%‘))
begin
--更新后的数据
select @newName = name
from inserted;
update student
set name
= replace(name,
@oldName,
@newName)
where name
like ‘%‘+ @oldName + ‘%‘;
print ‘级联修改数据成功!‘;
end
else
print ‘无需修改student表!‘;
go
--查询数据
select * from student
order by id;
select * from classes;
update classes
set name
= ‘五班‘ where name
= ‘5班‘;
update触发器会在更新数据后,将更新前的数据保存在deleted表中,更新后的数据保存在inserted表中。
# update更新列级触发器
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_classes_update_column‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_classes_update_column
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update_column
on classes
for update
as
--列级触发器:是否更新了班级创建时间
if (
update(createDate))
begin
raisError(
‘系统提示:班级创建时间不能修改!‘,
16,
11);
rollback tran;
end
go
--测试
select * from student
order by id;
select * from classes;
update classes
set createDate
= getDate()
where id
= 3;
update classes
set name
= ‘四班‘ where id
= 7;
更新列级触发器可以用update是否判断更新列记录;
# instead of类型触发器
instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、
update、
delete)而仅是执行触发器本身的内容。
创建语法
create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encryption
instead of update...
as
T-SQL
# 创建instead of触发器
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_classes_inteadOf‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
go
create trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
on classes
instead of delete/*, update, insert*/
as
declare @id int,
@name varchar(
20);
--查询被删除的信息,病赋值
select @id = id,
@name = name
from deleted;
print ‘id: ‘ + convert(
varchar,
@id)
+ ‘, name: ‘ + @name;
--先删除student的信息
delete student
where cid
= @id;
--再删除classes的信息
delete classes
where id
= @id;
print ‘删除[ id: ‘ + convert(
varchar,
@id)
+ ‘, name: ‘ + @name + ‘ ] 的信息成功!‘;
go
--test
select * from student
order by id;
select * from classes;
delete classes
where id
= 7;
# 显示自定义消息raiserror
if (
object_id(
‘tgr_message‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null)
drop trigger tgr_message
go
create trigger tgr_message
on student
after insert,
update
as raisError(
‘tgr_message触发器被触发‘,
16,
10);
go
--test
insert into student
values(
‘lily‘,
22,
1,
7);
update student
set sex
= 0 where name
= ‘lucy‘;
select * from student
order by id;
# 修改触发器
alter trigger tgr_message
on student
after delete
as raisError(
‘tgr_message触发器被触发‘,
16,
10);
go
--test
delete from student
where name
= ‘lucy‘;
# 启用、禁用触发器
--禁用触发器
disable
trigger tgr_message
on student;
--启用触发器
enable
trigger tgr_message
on student;
# 查询创建的触发器信息
--查询已存在的触发器
select * from sys.triggers;
select * from sys.objects
where type
= ‘TR‘;
--查看触发器触发事件
select te.
* from sys.trigger_events te
join sys.triggers t
on t.
object_id = te.
object_id
where t.parent_class
= 0 and t.name
= ‘tgr_valid_data‘;
--查看创建触发器语句
exec sp_helptext
‘tgr_message‘;
# 示例,验证插入数据
if ((
object_id(
‘tgr_valid_data‘,
‘TR‘)
is not null))
drop trigger tgr_valid_data
go
create trigger tgr_valid_data
on student
after insert
as
declare @age int,
@name varchar(
20);
select @name = s.name,
@age = s.age
from inserted s;
if (
@age < 18)
begin
raisError(
‘插入新数据的age有问题‘,
16,
1);
rollback tran;
end
go
--test
insert into student
values(
‘forest‘,
2,
0,
7);
insert into student
values(
‘forest‘,
22,
0,
7);
select * from student
order by id;
# 示例,操作日志
if (
object_id(
‘log‘,
‘U‘)
is not null)
drop table log
go
create table log(
id int identity(
1,
1)
primary key,
action varchar(
20),
createDate datetime default getDate()
)
go
if (
exists (
select * from sys.objects
where name
= ‘tgr_student_log‘))
drop trigger tgr_student_log
go
create trigger tgr_student_log
on student
after insert,
update,
delete
as
if ((
exists (
select 1 from inserted))
and (
exists (
select 1 from deleted)))
begin
insert into log(action)
values(
‘updated‘);
end
else if (
exists (
select 1 from inserted)
and not exists (
select 1 from deleted))
begin
insert into log(action)
values(
‘inserted‘);
end
else if (
not exists (
select 1 from inserted)
and exists (
select 1 from deleted))
begin
insert into log(action)
values(
‘deleted‘);
end
go
--test
insert into student
values(
‘king‘,
22,
1,
7);
update student
set sex
= 0 where name
= ‘king‘;
delete student
where name
= ‘king‘;
select * from log;
select * from student
order by id;
SQL Server 中的触发器(trigger)
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