时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:1人阅读
EXPLAIN
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "2.00"
},
"buffer_result": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"table": {
"table_name": "t1",
"access_type": "ALL",
...
如果SQL语句中包含了DERIVED_TABLE。
在5.7中,由于采用了新的优化方式,我们需要使用 set optimizer_switch=’derived_merge=off’来禁止derived table合并到外层的Query中。
例如:
mysql> explain format=json select * from (select * from t1) as tt;
EXPLAIN
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "2.40"
},
"table": {
"table_name": "tt",
"access_type": "ALL",
...
"materialized_from_subquery": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
...
如果我们查询系统表的话,系统表的数据将被存储到内部临时表中。
我们当前不能使用EXPLAIN来查看是否读取系统表数据需要利用到内部临时表,但是可以通过SHOW STATUS来查看是否利用到了内部临时表。
例如:
mysql> select * from information_schema.character_sets;
mysql> show status like ‘CREATE%‘;
如果DISTINCT语句没有被优化掉,即DISTINCT语句被优化转换为GROUP BY操作或者利用UNIQUE INDEX消除DISTINCT, 内部临时表将会被使用。
mysql> explain format=json select distinct a from t1;
EXPLAIN
{
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "1.60"
},
"duplicates_removal": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
...
如果查询带有ORDER BY语句,并且不能被优化掉。下面几种情况会利用到内部临时表缓存中间数据,然后对中间数据进行排序。
1)如果连接表使用BNL(Batched Nestloop)/BKA(Batched Key Access)
例如:
1))BNL默认是打开的
mysql> explain format=json select * from t1, t1 as t2 order by t1.a;
EXPLAIN
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "22.00"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
...
2))关掉BNL后,ORDER BY将直接使用filesort。
mysql> set optimizer_switch=‘block_nested_loop=off‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain format=json select * from t1, t1 as t2 order by t1.a;
EXPLAIN
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "25.00"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_filesort": true,
...
2)ORDER BY的列不属于执行计划中第一个连接表的列。
例如:
mysql> explain format=json select * from t as t1, t as t2 order by t2.a;
EXPLAIN
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "25.00"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
...
3)如果ORDER BY的表达式是个复杂表达式。
那么什么样的ORDER BY表达式,MySQL认为是复杂表达式呢?
1))如果排序表达式是SP或者UDF。
例如:
drop function if exists func1;
delimiter |
create function func1(x int)
returns int deterministic
begin
declare z1, z2 int;
set z1 = x;
set z2 = z1+2;
return z2;
end|
delimiter ;
explain format=json select * from t1 order by func1(a);
{
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "2.20"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
...
2))ORDER BY的列包含聚集函数
为了简化执行计划,我们利用INDEX来优化GROUP BY语句。
例如:
create index idx1 on t1(a);
explain format=json SELECt a FROM t1 group by a order by sum(a);
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "1.20"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"grouping_operation": {
"using_filesort": false,
...
drop index idx1 on t1;
3))ORDER BY的列中包含有SCALAR SUBQUERY,当然该SCALAR SUBQUERY没有被优化掉。
例如:
explain format=json select (select rand() from t1 limit 1) as a from t1 order by a;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "1.20"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
...
4) 如果查询既带有ORDER BY同时也有GROUP BY语句,但是两个语句使用的列不相同。
注意: 如果是5.7,我们需要将sql_mode设置为非only_full_group_by模式,否则会报错。
同样为了简化执行计划,我们利用INDEX来优化GROUP BY语句。
例如:
set sql_mode=‘‘;
create index idx1 on t1(b);
explain format=json select t1.a from t1 group by t1.b order by 1;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "1.40"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"grouping_operation": {
"using_filesort": false,
...
drop index idx1 on t1;
如果查询带有GROUP BY语句,并且不能被优化掉。下面几种情况会利用到内部临时表缓存中间数据,然后对中间数据进行GROUP BY。
1)如果连接表使用BNL(Batched Nestloop)/BKA(Batched Key Access)。
例如:
explain format=json select t2.a from t1, t1 as t2 group by t1.a;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "8.20"
},
"grouping_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"cost_info": {
"sort_cost": "4.00"
...
2) 如果GROUP BY的列不属于执行计划中的第一个连接表。
例如:
explain format=json select t2.a from t1, t1 as t2 group by t2.a;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "8.20"
},
"grouping_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"nested_loop": [
...
3) 如果GROUP BY语句使用的列与ORDER BY语句使用的列不同。
例如:
set sql_mode=‘‘;
explain format=json select t1.a from t1 group by t1.b order by t1.a;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "1.40"
},
"ordering_operation": {
"using_filesort": true,
"grouping_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": false,
...
4) 如果GROUP BY带有ROLLUP并且是基于多表外连接。
例如:
explain format=json select sum(t1.a) from t1 left join t1 as t2 on true group by t1.a with rollup;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "7.20"
},
"grouping_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"cost_info": {
"sort_cost": "4.00"
},
...
5) 如果GROUP BY语句使用的列来自于SCALAR SUBQUERY,并且没有被优化掉。
例如:
explain format=json select (select avg(a) from t1) as a from t1 group by a;
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "3.40"
},
"grouping_operation": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"using_filesort": true,
"cost_info": {
"sort_cost": "2.00"
},
...
IN表达式转换为semi-join进行优化
1) 如果semi-join执行方式为Materialization
例如:
set optimizer_switch=‘firstmatch=off,duplicateweedout=off‘;
explain format=json select * from t1 where a in (select b from t1);
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "5.60"
},
"nested_loop": [
{
"rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
"materialized_from_subquery": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"query_block": {
"table": {
"table_name": "t1",
"access_type": "ALL",
...
2) 如果semi-join执行方式为Duplicate Weedout
例如:
set optimizer_switch=‘firstmatch=off‘;
explain format=json select * from t1 where a in (select b from t1);
| {
"query_block": {
"select_id": 1,
"cost_info": {
"query_cost": "4.80"
},
"duplicates_removal": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"nested_loop": [
{
...
如果查询语句带有UNION,MySQL将利用内部临时表帮助UNION操作消除重复。
例如:
explain format=json select * from t1 union select * from t1;
| {
"query_block": {
"union_result": {
"using_temporary_table": true,
"table_name": "",
...
如果查询语句使用多表更新。
这里Explain不能看到内部临时表被利用,所以需要查看status。
例如:
update t1, t1 as t2 set t1.a=3;
show status like ‘CREATE%‘;
如果聚集函数中包含如下函数,内部临时表也会被利用。
1) count(distinct *)
例如:
explain format=json select count(distinct a) from t1;
2) group_concat
例如:
explain format=json select group_concat(b) from t1;
总之,上面列出了10种情况,MySQL将利用内部临时表进行中间结果缓存,如果数据量比较大的话,内部临时表将会把数据存储在磁盘上,这样显然会对性能有所影响。为了尽可能的减少性能损失,我们需要尽量避免上述情况的出现。
MySQL 中的两种临时表
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