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oracle 常用sql语句

时间：2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过：13人阅读 

  1. --新建表：
  2. create table table1( id varchar(300) primary key, name varchar(200) not null);
  3. --插入数据   
  4. insert into table1 (id,name) values (‘aa‘,‘bb‘);
  5.  
  6. --更新数据   
  7. update table1 set id = ‘bb‘ where id=‘cc‘;
  8.  
  9. --删除数据   
  10. delete from table1 where id =‘cc‘;
  11.  
  12. --删除表    
  13. drop table table1;
  14.  
  15. --修改表名： 
  16. alter table table1 rename to table2;
  17.  
  18. --表数据复制：
  19. insert into table1 (select * from table2);
  20.  
  21. --复制表结构： 
  22. create table table1 select * from table2 where 1>1;
  23.  
  24. --复制表结构和数据：
  25. create table table1 select * from table2;
  26.  
  27. --复制指定字段： 
  28. create table table1 as select id, name from table2 where 1>1;
  29. --条件查询： 
  30. select id,name (case gender when 0 then ‘男‘ when 1 then ‘女’ end  ) gender from  table1 
  31.
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数学函数

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  1. --绝对值：abs()
  2.    select abs(-2) value from dual;          --(2)
  3. --取整函数（大）：ceil（）
  4.    select ceil(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-2)
  5. --取整函数（小）：floor（）
  6.    select floor(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-3)
  7. --取整函数（截取）：trunc（）
  8.    select trunc(-2.001) value from dual;       -- (-2)
  9. --四舍五入：round（）
  10.    select round(1.234564,4) value from dual;       --(1.2346)
  11. --取平方：Power（m,n）
  12.    select power(4,2) value from dual;       --(16)
  13. --取平方根:SQRT()
  14.    select sqrt(16) value from dual;       --(4)
  15. --取随机数:dbms_random(minvalue,maxvalue)
  16.    select dbms_random.value() from dual;  (默认是0到1之间)
  17. 　select dbms_random.value(2,4) value from dual;  （2-4之间随机数）
  18. --取符号：Sign()
  19. 　　select sign(-3) value from dual; --(-1)
  20. 　　select sign(3) value from dual; --(1)
  21. --取集合的最大值:greatest(value)
  22.    select greatest(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(9)
  23. --取集合的最小值:least(value)
  24.    select least(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(-1)
  25. --处理Null值：nvl(空值，代替值)
  26.    select  nvl(null,10) value from dual;       --(10)
  27. 　　
  28.    select nvl(score,10) score from student;
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 rownum相关

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  1. --rownum小于某个数时可以直接作为查询条件（注意oracle不支持select top）
  2. select * from student where rownum <3;
  3. --查询rownum大于某个数值,需要使用子查询，并且rownum需要有别名
  4. select * from(select rownum rn ,id,name from student) where rn>2;
  5. select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3;
  6. --区间查询
  7. select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3 and rn<6;
  8. --排序+前n条
  9. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRUVER d order  by drivernumber)t )p where p.rn<10;
  10. --排序+区间查询1
  11. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<9 and p.rn>6;
  12. --排序+区间查询2
  13. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<9 )p where p.rn>6;<em>--效率远高于方式一</em>
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 分页查询

（假设每页显示10条）

不包含排序：

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  1. --效率低
  2. select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;<br>
  3. select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;
  4. --效率高 
  5. select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;
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包含排序：

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  1. --排序+区间查询1（效率低）<br>
  2. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;<br>
  3. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;
  4. --排序+区间查询2（效率高） <br>
  5. select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;
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 时间处理

1. to_char和to_date基本使用

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  1. --日期
  2. --年 yyyy yyy yy year
  3. --月 month mm mon month
  4. --日+星期  dd ddd(一年中第几天) dy day 
  5. --小时  hh hh24 
  6. --分 mi
  7. --秒 ss
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eg1:

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  1. select to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘)currenttime, 
  2.        to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy‘) year,
  3.        to_char(sysdate,‘mm‘) month,
  4.        to_char(sysdate,‘dd‘) day,
  5.        to_char(sysdate,‘day‘) week,
  6.        to_char(sysdate,‘hh24‘)hour,
  7.        to_char(sysdate,‘mi‘) minute,
  8.        to_char(sysdate,‘ss‘) second
  9. from dual;
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eg2:

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  1. select to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘)currenttime,
  2.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘yyyy‘)year,
  3.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘mm‘)month,
  4.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘dd‘) day,
  5.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘day‘) week,
  6.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘day‘,<strong><em>‘NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=American‘</em></strong>) week, <em>--设置语言</em>
  7.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘hh24‘)hour,
  8.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘mi‘) minute,
  9.        to_char(to_date(‘2009-07-04 05:02:01‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘),‘ss‘) second
  10. from dual;
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2）months_between

  1.  select months_between(to_date(‘03-31-2014‘,‘MM-DD-YYYY‘),to_date(‘12-31-2013‘,‘MM-DD-YYYY‘)) "MONTHS"
  2.  FROM DUAL;

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3)next_day

  1. select sysdate today, next_day(sysdate,6) nextweek from dual;

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4)时间区间

eg：

  1. select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘)  between 
  2. to_date(‘2014-02-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) and 
  3. to_date(‘2014-05-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘);

 

5）interval

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  1. select to_char(sysdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) currenttime,
  2.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ year,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalyear,   
  3.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ month,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalMonth,   
  4.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ day,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalday,   
  5.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ hour,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalHour,   
  6.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ minute,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalMinute,   
  7.        to_char(sysdate - interval ‘7‘ second,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) intervalSecond  
  8.   from dual;
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6）add_months

  1. select add_months(sysdate,12) newtime from dual;

 

7)extract

  1.  select extract(month from sysdate) "This Month",
  2. extract(year from add_months(sysdate,36)) " Years" from dual;

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字符函数

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  1. --字符函数
  2. select substr(‘abcdefg‘,1,5)substr,                     --字符串截取
  3.        instr(‘abcdefg‘,‘bc‘) instr,                     --查找子串
  4.        
  5.        ‘Hello‘||‘World‘ concat,                         --连接
  6.        
  7.        trim(‘  wish  ‘) trim,                           --去前后空格
  8.        rtrim(‘wish  ‘) rtrim,                           --去后面空格
  9.        ltrim(‘  wish‘) ltrim,                           --去前面空格
  10.        
  11.        trim(leading ‘w‘ from ‘wish‘) deleteprefix,      --去前缀
  12.        trim(trailing ‘h‘ from ‘wish‘) deletetrailing,   --去后缀
  13.        trim(‘w‘ from ‘wish‘) trim1,
  14.        
  15.        ascii(‘A‘) A1, 
  16.        ascii(‘a‘) A2,                                   --ascii(转换为对应的十进制数)
  17.        chr(65) C1, 
  18.        chr(97) C2,                                      --chr(十进制转对应字符)
  19.        
  20.        length(‘abcdefg‘) len,                           --length 
  21.        
  22.        lower(‘WISH‘)lower, 
  23.        upper(‘wish‘)upper, 
  24.        initcap(‘wish‘)initcap,                            --大小写变换
  25.        
  26.        replace(‘wish1‘,‘1‘,‘youhappy‘) replace,           --替换
  27.        
  28.        translate(‘wish1‘,‘1‘,‘y‘)translate,               --转换，对应一位(前面的位数大于等于后面的位数)
  29.        translate(‘wish1‘,‘sh1‘,‘hy‘)translate1,
  30.        
  31.        concat(‘11‘,‘22‘) concat          　　　　　　　　   --连接<br><br>
  32. from dual;
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to_number

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  1. --to_number(expr)
  2. --to_number(expr,format)
  3. --to_number(expr,format,‘nls-param‘)
  4. select to_number(‘0123‘)number1,            --converts a string to number
  5.        trunc(to_number(‘0123.123‘),2) number2,
  6.        to_number(‘120.11‘,‘999.99‘) number3,
  1.  　　　 to_number(‘0a‘,‘xx‘) number4,        --converts a hex number to decimal
  2.        to_number(100000,‘xxxxxx‘) number5
  3.   
  4. from dual;
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聚合函数

student表如下：

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count：

  1. --count (distinct|all)
  2. select count(1) as count from student;--效率最高
  3. select count(*) as count from student;    
  4. select count(distinct score) from student;

语句1结果：11

 

avg

  1. --avg (distinct|all)
  2. select avg(score) score from student;
  3. select avg(distinct score) from student;
  4. select classno,avg(score) score from student group by classno;

 

语句3输出结果：

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max

  1. --max (distinct|all)
  2. select max(score) from student;
  3. select classno, max(score) score from student group by classno;

 

min

  1. --min (distinct|all)
  2. select min(score) from student;
  3. select classno, min(score) score from student group by classno;

 

stddev（standard deviation）标准差

  1. --stddev
  2. select stddev(score) from student;
  3. select classno, stddev(score) score from student group by classno;

 

sum

  1. --sum
  2. select sum(score) from student;
  3. select classno, sum(score) score from student group by classno;

 

median--中位数

  1. --median
  2. select median(score) from student;
  3. select classno, median(score) score from student group by classno;

 

 案例1--学生选课

1. 创建表 stu（学生表），course（课程表），选课表（s_c）

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  1. --创建表
  2. create table STU  
  3. (  
  4.   id   NUMBER not null,  
  5.   name VARCHAR2(255)  
  6. ) ;
  7.    
  8. create table COURSE  
  9. (  
  10.   id  NUMBER not null,  
  11.   coursename VARCHAR2(255)  
  12. ) ; 
  13.    
  14. create table S_C  
  15. (  
  16.   sid    NUMBER,  
  17.   cid    NUMBER,  
  18.   score NUMBER  
  19. );
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2.插入数据

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  1. --插入数据
  2. Insert into STU (ID,NAME) values (1,‘wish‘);
  3. Insert into STU (ID,NAME) values (2,‘rain‘);
  4. Insert into STU (ID,NAME) values (3,‘july‘);
  5. Insert into STU (ID,NAME) values (4,‘joey‘);
  6. Insert into COURSE (ID,COURSENAME) values (1,‘math‘);
  7. Insert into COURSE (ID,COURSENAME) values (2,‘english‘);
  8. Insert into COURSE (ID,COURSENAME) values (3,‘Japanese‘);
  9. Insert into COURSE (ID,COURSENAME) values (4,‘chinese‘);
  10. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (1,1,80);
  11. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (1,2,90);
  12. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (2,4,100);
  13. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (4,4,90);
  14. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (4,1,100);
  15. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (4,3,80);
  16. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (4,2,80);
  17. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (2,1,90);
  18. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (2,4,100);
  19. Insert into S_C (SID,CID,SCORE) values (3,1,60);
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3.查询学生选课情况

  1. with vt as 
  2. (select s.id,s.name,c.coursename,sc.score from stu s, course c, s_c sc where s.id=sc.sid and c.id=sc.cid)
  3. select * from vt order by id;

结果：

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案例2--图书馆借阅

1.创建表： 图书（book），读者（reader），借阅（borrow）

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  1. --创建表 book
  2. create table book(
  3.   bookId  varchar2(30),   --图书总编号
  4.   sortid varchar2(30),    --分类号
  5.   bookname varchar2(100), --书名
  6.   author varchar2(30),    --作者
  7.   publisher varchar2(100),--出版单位
  8.   price number(6,2)       --价格
  9.   );
  10.   
  11. --创建表 reader  
  12. create table reader (
  13.   cardId varchar2(30),  --借书证号
  14.   org varchar2(100),    --单位
  15.   name varchar2(100),   --姓名
  16.   gender varchar2(2),   --性别
  17.   title varchar2(30),   --职称
  18.   address varchar2(100) --地址
  19. );
  20. --创建表 borrow
  21. create table borrow(
  22.     cardId varchar2(30),  --借书证号
  23.   bookId  varchar2(30),   --图书总编号
  24.   borrowDate varchar2(30) --借阅时间
  25. );
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2.插入数据

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  1. --插入数据-book
  2. insert into book (bookId,sortid,bookname,author,publisher,price) 
  3. values (‘aaa‘,‘a1‘,‘gone with the wind‘,‘CA‘,‘renmin‘,‘103‘);
  4. insert into book (bookId,sortid,bookname,author,publisher,price) 
  5. values (‘bbb‘,‘a2‘,‘the little prince‘,‘CB‘,‘jixie‘,‘30‘);
  6. insert into book (bookId,sortid,bookname,author,publisher,price) 
  7. values (‘ccc‘,‘a3‘,‘the ordinary world‘,‘CC‘,‘renmin‘,‘130‘);
  8. insert into book (bookId,sortid,bookname,author,publisher,price) 
  9. values (‘ddd‘,‘a4‘,‘the little women‘,‘CA‘,‘dianzi‘,‘110‘);
  10. --插入数据-reader
  11. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  12. values (‘xxx‘,‘A‘,‘wish‘,‘1‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  13. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  14. values (‘uuu‘,‘A‘,‘luna‘,‘1‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  15. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  16. values (‘vvv‘,‘B‘,‘harry‘,‘1‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  17. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  18. values (‘www‘,‘C‘,‘chander‘,‘2‘,‘professor‘,‘bupt‘);
  19. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  20. values (‘yyy‘,‘A‘,‘joey‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  21. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  22. values (‘zzz‘,‘B‘,‘richard‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  23. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  24. values (‘OOO‘,‘A‘,‘micheal‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  25. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  26. values (‘ppp‘,‘A‘,‘richal‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  27. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  28. values (‘abp‘,‘A‘,‘michal‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  29. insert into reader(cardid, org, name,gender, title, address)
  30. values (‘ccp‘,‘A‘,‘mike‘,‘2‘,‘student‘,‘bupt‘);
  31. --插入数据-borrow
  32. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘xxx‘,‘aaa‘,‘2014-4-29‘);
  33. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘xxx‘,‘bbb‘,‘2014-4-29‘);
  34. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘xxx‘,‘ccc‘,‘2014-4-28‘);
  35. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘yyy‘,‘ccc‘,‘2014-4-28‘);
  36. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘yyy‘,‘ddd‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  37. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘yyy‘,‘aaa‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  38. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘zzz‘,‘bbb‘,‘2014-4-28‘);
  39. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘zzz‘,‘ddd‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  40. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘zzz‘,‘aaa‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  41. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘uuu‘,‘bbb‘,‘2014-4-28‘);
  42. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘uuu‘,‘ddd‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  43. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘uuu‘,‘aaa‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  44. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘uuu‘,‘ccc‘,‘2014-4-26‘);
  45. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘vvv‘,‘bbb‘,‘2014-4-28‘);
  46. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘vvv‘,‘ddd‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  47. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘www‘,‘aaa‘,‘2014-4-27‘);
  48. insert into borrow(cardid,bookid,borrowdate) values(‘www‘,‘ccc‘,‘2014-4-26‘);
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表信息如下：

book------> reader-------> borrow

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3. 查询A单位借阅图书的读者人数和人员详细信息

人数：

  1. with vt1 as 
  2. (select cardid from reader where reader.org=‘A‘)
  3. select count(1) from vt1 where exists (select cardid from borrow where borrow.cardid=vt1.cardid);

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详细信息：

  1. with vt1 as 
  2. (select cardid,name,org from reader where reader.org=‘A‘)
  3. select cardid,name,org from vt1 where exists (select cardid from borrow where borrow.cardid=vt1.cardid);

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4.查询借书证号尾字符为‘p‘的读者

  1. select cardid, name, org from reader where cardid like ‘%p‘;

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5. 查询名字以m开头的女性读者，‘1’显示为女，‘2’显示为男

  1. select cardid, name, org, 
  2. case when gender=‘1‘ then ‘女‘ when gender=‘2‘ then ‘男‘ else ‘其他‘ end gender
  3. from reader where name like ‘m%‘;

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6. 2014年2-4月借过书的读者

1)查询满足条件的读者（仅包含cardid）--未去重

　　方式一：

  1. select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy‘)=‘2014‘ 
  2. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘mm‘)>=‘02‘
  3. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘mm‘)<=‘04‘;

　　方式二：

  1. select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy‘)=‘2014‘  --查询
  2. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)>=‘2014-02‘
  3. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)<=‘2014-04‘;

　　方式三：

  1. select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘)  between 
  2. to_date(‘2014-02-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) and 
  3. to_date(‘2014-05-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘);

 

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2) 查询+去重

  1. select distinct cardid from borrow where to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy‘)=‘2014‘  --查询+去重
  2. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)>=‘2014-02‘
  3. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)<=‘2014-04‘;
  1. select distinct cardid from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘)  between 
  2. to_date(‘2014-02-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘) and 
  3. to_date(‘2014-05-01 00:00:00‘,‘yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss‘);

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3）查询+去重+读者姓名等信息

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  1. with vt1 as 
  2. (select distinct cardid from borrow where to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy‘)=‘2014‘ 
  3. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)>=‘2014-02‘
  4. and to_char(to_date(borrowdate,‘yyyy-mm-dd‘),‘yyyy-mm‘)<=‘2014-04‘)
  5. select cardid, name,org from reader where exists (select cardid from vt1 where vt1.cardid=reader.cardid);
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转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/wishyouhappy/p/3700683.html

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