时间：2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过：12人阅读
============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一： create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) ); 方法二： create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) ); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘IT‘ for key ‘name‘
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ row in set (0.00 sec)not null+unique的化学反应
create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #联合唯一 ); mysql> insert into service values -> (1,‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80), -> (2,‘haproxy‘,‘192.168.0.20‘,80), -> (3,‘mysql‘,‘192.168.0.30‘,3306) -> ; Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values(‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192.168.0.10-80‘ for key ‘host‘联合唯一
primary key字段的值不为空且唯一
一个表中可以：
单列做主键
多列做主键（复合主键）
但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key
============单列做主键=============== #方法一：not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主键 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主键 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)单列主键
==================多列做主键================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) ); mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values -> (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘mysqld‘), -> (‘172.16.45.11‘,‘3306‘,‘mariadb‘) -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘nginx‘); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘172.16.45.10-3306‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘多列主键
约束字段为自动增长，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id，则自动增长 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ ); mysql> desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values -> (‘egon‘), -> (‘alex‘) -> ; mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | +----+------+------+ #也可以指定id mysql> insert into student values(4,‘asb‘,‘female‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,‘wsb‘,‘female‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | +----+------+--------+ #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长 mysql> delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘ysb‘); mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 8 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+ #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它 mysql> truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec)View Code
#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值 mysql> create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20), -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ -> ); mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3; mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | egon | male | +----+------+------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ )auto_increment=3; #设置步长 sqlserver：自增步长 基于表级别 create table t1（ id int。。。 ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8 mysql自增的步长： show session variables like ‘auto_inc%‘; #基于会话级别 set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长 #基于全局级别的 set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效） #！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！ If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2 mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like ‘auto_incre%‘; #需要退出重新登录 +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+ create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ ); mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon1‘),(‘egon2‘),(‘egon3‘); mysql> select * from student; +----+-------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+-------+------+ | 3 | egon1 | male | | 8 | egon2 | male | | 13 | egon3 | male | +----+-------+------+步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset
员工信息表有三个字段：工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门，但是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费
解决方法：
我们完全可以定义一个部门表
然后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一 create table department( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null )engine=innodb; #dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除 create table employee( id int primary key, name varchar(20) not null, dpt_id int, constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id) references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade )engine=innodb; #先往父表department中插入记录 insert into department values (1,‘欧德博爱技术有限事业部‘), (2,‘艾利克斯人力资源部‘), (3,‘销售部‘); #再往子表employee中插入记录 insert into employee values (1,‘egon‘,1), (2,‘alex1‘,2), (3,‘alex2‘,2), (4,‘alex3‘,2), (5,‘李坦克‘,3), (6,‘刘飞机‘,3), (7,‘张火箭‘,3), (8,‘林子弹‘,3), (9,‘加特林‘,3) ; #删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删 mysql> delete from department where id=3; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | +----+-------+--------+ #更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改 mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2; mysql> select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 3 | alex2 | 22222 | | 4 | alex3 | 22222 | | 5 | alex1 | 22222 | +----+-------+--------+示范
表1 foreign key 表2
则表1的多条记录对应表2的一条记录，即多对一
利用foreign key的原理我们可以制作两张表的多对多，一对一关系
多对多：
表1的多条记录可以对应表2的一条记录
表2的多条记录也可以对应表1的一条记录
一对一：
表1的一条记录唯一对应表2的一条记录，反之亦然
分析时，我们先从按照上面的基本原理去套，然后再翻译成真实的意义，就很好理解了
辅助理解
#一对多或称为多对一 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书 关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values (‘北京工业地雷出版社‘), (‘人民音乐不好听出版社‘), (‘知识产权没有用出版社‘) ; insert into book(name,press_id) values (‘九阳神功‘,1), (‘九阴真经‘,2), (‘九阴白骨爪‘,2), (‘独孤九剑‘,3), (‘降龙十巴掌‘,2), (‘葵花宝典‘,3);View Code
单张表：用户表+相亲关系表，相当于：用户表+相亲关系表+用户表 多张表：用户表+用户与主机关系表+主机表 中间那一张存放关系的表，对外关联的字段可以联合唯一其它例子
#一对一 两张表：学生表和客户表 一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系 关联方式：foreign key+unique
例一：一个用户只有一个博客 用户表： id name egon alex wupeiqi 博客表 fk+unique id url name_id xxxx 1 yyyy 3 zzz 2 例二：一个管理员唯一对应一个用户 用户表： id user password egon xxxx alex yyyy 管理员表： fk+unique id user_id password 1 xxxxx 2 yyyyy其他例子
练习：账号信息表，用户组，主机表，主机组
#用户表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) ); insert into user(username,password) values (‘root‘,‘123‘), (‘egon‘,‘456‘), (‘alex‘,‘alex3714‘) ; #用户组表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into usergroup(groupname) values (‘IT‘), (‘Sale‘), (‘Finance‘), (‘boss‘) ; #主机表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default ‘127.0.0.1‘ ); insert into host(ip) values (‘172.16.45.2‘), (‘172.16.31.10‘), (‘172.16.45.3‘), (‘172.16.31.11‘), (‘172.10.45.3‘), (‘172.10.45.4‘), (‘172.10.45.5‘), (‘192.168.1.20‘), (‘192.168.1.21‘), (‘192.168.1.22‘), (‘192.168.2.23‘), (‘192.168.2.223‘), (‘192.168.2.24‘), (‘192.168.3.22‘), (‘192.168.3.23‘), (‘192.168.3.24‘) ; #业务线表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values (‘轻松贷‘), (‘随便花‘), (‘大富翁‘), (‘穷一生‘) ; #建关系：user与usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) ); insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ; #建关系：host与business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) ); insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ; #建关系：user与host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) ); insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12);View Code
作业：
MySQL四-2:完整性约束
标签：资源 charset 没有 not des == 解决方法 mariadb 表示