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05.SQL基础-->多表查询

时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:4人阅读

 

一、多表查询

简言之,根据特定的连接条件从不同的表中获取所需的数据

笛卡尔集的产生条件:
   省略连接条件
   连接条件无效
   第一个表中的所有行与第二个表中的所有行相连接

  

二、多表查询语法:

SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.column1 = table2.column2;

但要注意where 不要省了,省略where 即为笛卡尔集,而且where 条件要有效,
两张表间有一个相同的字段,才好进行有效的多表查询

查询时列名前,加表名或表别名前辍(如果字段在两个表中是唯一的可以不加)
为了简化SQL书写,可为表名定义别名,格式:from 表名别名
如:from emp e,dept d

建议使用表的别名及表前缀,使用表别名可以简化查询,而使用表前缀则可以提高查询性能

例:查询每个员工的工号,姓名,工资,部门名和工作地点
select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

 

三、多表连接类型:

从数据显示方式来讲有:内连接和外连接。
内连接:只返回满足连接条件的数据。
外连接:除了返回满足连接条的行以外,还返回左(右)表中,不满足条件的行,称为左(右)连接

内连接*/

select empno,ename,sal,dname,loc from emp,dept
where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;  --(Oracle 8i 及以前的写法)

--内连接的另一种写法:

select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
from emp join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno); -- (SQL 99的写法)

外连接:

两个表的查询中,使用外连接可以查询另一个表或者两个中不满足连接条件的数据。
外连接的符号是(+),(+)要放在字段名后。(+)对面的那个表,会全部显示。

外连接语法*/
SELECT table1.column, table2.column   --右外连接
   FROM table1, table2
   WHERE table1.column(+) = table2.column;

SELECT table1.column, table2.column   --左外连接
   FROM table1, table2
   WHERE table1.column = table2.column(+);

--例:

select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc
from emp,dept
where emp.deptno(+)=dept.deptno; -- (Oracle 8i 及以前的写法)

--另一种写法(右连接):     -- (SQL 99的写法)
select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc from emp right join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno);

--左连接:                    (SQL 99的写法)

select empno,ename,job,sal,dept.deptno,dname,loc from emp left join dept on (emp.deptno=dept.deptno);

--全连接(满连接)            (SQL 99的写法)

select empno,ename,job,sal,d.deptno,dname,loc from emp e full join dept d on (e.deptno=d.deptno);



自然连接                    (SQL 99的写法)

以两个表具有相同的字段的所有列为基础,可采用自然连接(natural join)
它将选择两个表中那些在所有匹配的列中值相等的行。
如果列具有相同的名称,但数据类型能够不同,则会报错*/
select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno,dname,loc from emp natural join dept;

/*

自连接:
将自身表的一个镜像当另一个表来对待。*/

select ... from emp e,emp d  ...

--下面列出SQL 99的语法供参考

SELECT table1.column, table2.column
FROM table1
[CROSS JOIN table2] |
[NATURAL JOIN table2] |
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
[JOIN table2
ON(table1.column_name = table2.column_name)] |
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)];


--在下面的语法中

table1.column     --指明从中检索数据的表和列
CROSS JOIN        --返回两个表的笛卡尔集
NATURAL JOIN      --根据相同的列名连接两个表
JOIN table
USING column_name --根据列名执行等值连接
JOIN table ON
table1.column_name   --根据ON 子句中的条件执行等值连接
= table2.column_name

LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER
/*

使用using子句创建连接

   如果几个列具有相同的名称,但是数据类型不匹配,那么可以使用using子句来修改natural join
   子句以指定要用于等值连接的列
   在多个列匹配时,使用using 子句只匹配一个列

   在引用列中不要使用表名或别名
   natural join 和using 子句是互不相容的 */
    --例:

   SELECT l.city, d.department_name
   FROM locations l JOIN departments d USING (location_id)
   WHERE location_id = 1400;

   --下面的语句无效,因为where 子句中限定了location_id

   SELECT l.city, d.department_name
   FROM locations l JOIN departments d USING (location_id)
   WHERE d.location_id = 1400;

   ORA-25154: column part of USING clause cannot have qualifier

     --注意:

   --   两个表中名称相同的列在使用时不能有任何限定符,这一限制同样适用于natural join

  

 

四、演示: */

--笛卡尔集

SQL> select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept;

 

 

  

--使用cross join 实现交叉连接,即笛卡尔集

SQL> select empno,ename,dname from emp cross join dept;

 

EMPNO ENAME DNAME

---------- ---------- --------------

7369 SMITH ACCOUNTING

7499 ALLEN ACCOUNTING

7521 WARD ACCOUNTING

7566 JONES ACCOUNTING

7654 MARTIN ACCOUNTING

7698 BLAKE ACCOUNTING

7782 CLARK ACCOUNTING

7788 SCOTT ACCOUNTING

7839 KING ACCOUNTING

7844 TURNER ACCOUNTING

7876 ADAMS ACCOUNTING

 

--等值连接(Oracle 写法)

SQL> select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;

 

EMPNO ENAME DNAME

---------- ---------- --------------

7369 SMITH RESEARCH

7499 ALLEN SALES

7876 ADAMS RESEARCH

--部分结果省略

7902 FORD RESEARCH

7934 MILLER ACCOUNTING

 

14 rows selected.

 

--等值连接(SQL 99 写法)

SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp e
inner join dept d
on e.deptno = d.deptno;

 

EMPNO ENAME DNAME

---------- ---------- --------------

7369 SMITH RESEARCH

7499 ALLEN SALES

7876 ADAMS RESEARCH

--部分结果省略

7902 FORD RESEARCH

7934 MILLER ACCOUNTING

 

14 rows selected.

 

--注意:表别名不支持as 用法

SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp as e

2 inner join dept d

3 on e.deptno = d.deptno;

select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp as e

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00933: SQL command not properly ended

 

--等值连接并增加条件

SQL> select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname from emp e,

2 dept d

3 where d.deptno = e.deptno

4 and e.ename = ‘SCOTT‘;

 

EMPNO ENAME DNAME

---------- ---------- --------------

7788 SCOTT RESEARCH

 

--非等值连接

--查询雇员的姓名、薪水、级别且部门为的记录

SQL> select ename,sal,grade

2 from emp,salgrade

3 where sal between losal and hisal

4 and emp.deptno = 20;

 

ENAME SAL GRADE

---------- ---------- ----------

SCOTT 3000 4

FORD 3000 4

JONES 2975 4

ADAMS 1100 1

SMITH 800 1

 

--使用SQL 99写法实现上述功能

SQL> select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade

2 from emp e

3 join salgrade s

4 on e.sal between losal and hisal

5 and e.deptno = 20;

 

ENAME SAL GRADE

---------- ---------- ----------

SCOTT 3000 4

FORD 3000 4

JONES 2975 4

ADAMS 1100 1

SMITH 800 1

 

--右外连接

--注意:右外连接时,加号在等号的左边

--可以看到,左表emp中的列有为空值的

SQL> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno(+) = d.deptno;

 

idle> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno(+) = d.deptno;

ENAME	       DEPTNO DNAME
---------- ---------- --------------
CLARK		   10 ACCOUNTING
KING		   10 ACCOUNTING
MILLER		   10 ACCOUNTING
JONES		   20 RESEARCH
FORD		   20 RESEARCH
ADAMS		   20 RESEARCH
SMITH		   20 RESEARCH
SCOTT		   20 RESEARCH
WARD		   30 SALES
TURNER		   30 SALES
ALLEN		   30 SALES
JAMES		   30 SALES
BLAKE		   30 SALES
MARTIN		   30 SALES
		      OPERATIONS

15 rows selected.

  

--使用SQL 99写法实现右外连接

SQL> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname from emp e right join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno ;

 

idle> select e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname from emp e right join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno ;

ENAME	       DEPTNO DNAME
---------- ---------- --------------
CLARK		   10 ACCOUNTING
KING		   10 ACCOUNTING
MILLER		   10 ACCOUNTING
JONES		   20 RESEARCH
FORD		   20 RESEARCH
ADAMS		   20 RESEARCH
SMITH		   20 RESEARCH
SCOTT		   20 RESEARCH
WARD		   30 SALES
TURNER		   30 SALES
ALLEN		   30 SALES
JAMES		   30 SALES
BLAKE		   30 SALES
MARTIN		   30 SALES
		      OPERATIONS

15 rows selected.

  

--左外连接

--注意:左外连接时,加号在等号的右边

select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno from dept d,emp e where d.deptno = e.deptno(+) order by d.deptno;

idle>  select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno from dept d,emp e where d.deptno = e.deptno(+) order by d.deptno;

DNAME	       ENAME	      DEPTNO
-------------- ---------- ----------
ACCOUNTING     CLARK		  10
ACCOUNTING     KING		  10
ACCOUNTING     MILLER		  10
RESEARCH       JONES		  20
RESEARCH       FORD		  20
RESEARCH       ADAMS		  20
RESEARCH       SMITH		  20
RESEARCH       SCOTT		  20
SALES	       WARD		  30
SALES	       TURNER		  30
SALES	       ALLEN		  30
SALES	       JAMES		  30
SALES	       BLAKE		  30
SALES	       MARTIN		  30
OPERATIONS

15 rows selected.

 

 

--使用SQL 99写法实现左外连接

SQL> select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno  from dept d left join emp e on d.deptno = e.deptno  order by d.deptno;

 

idle> select d.dname,e.ename,e.deptno  from dept d left join emp e on d.deptno = e.deptno  order by d.deptno;

DNAME	       ENAME	      DEPTNO
-------------- ---------- ----------
ACCOUNTING     CLARK		  10
ACCOUNTING     KING		  10
ACCOUNTING     MILLER		  10
RESEARCH       JONES		  20
RESEARCH       FORD		  20
RESEARCH       ADAMS		  20
RESEARCH       SMITH		  20
RESEARCH       SCOTT		  20
SALES	       WARD		  30
SALES	       TURNER		  30
SALES	       ALLEN		  30
SALES	       JAMES		  30
SALES	       BLAKE		  30
SALES	       MARTIN		  30
OPERATIONS

15 rows selected.

 

 

--自连接

SQL> select e.ename || ‘ works for ‘ || m.ename  from emp e,emp m where e.empno = m.mgr;

 

idle> select e.ename || ‘ works for ‘ || m.ename  from emp e,emp m where e.empno = m.mgr;

E.ENAME||‘WORKSFOR‘||M.ENAME
-------------------------------
JONES works for FORD
JONES works for SCOTT
BLAKE works for TURNER
BLAKE works for ALLEN
BLAKE works for WARD
BLAKE works for JAMES
BLAKE works for MARTIN
CLARK works for MILLER
SCOTT works for ADAMS
KING works for BLAKE
KING works for JONES
KING works for CLARK
FORD works for SMITH

13 rows selected.

 

--自然连接

SQL> select empno,ename,job,deptno,dname,loc from emp natural join dept;

idle> select empno,ename,job,deptno,dname,loc from emp natural join dept;

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB	    DEPTNO DNAME	  LOC
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- -------------
      7782 CLARK      MANAGER		10 ACCOUNTING	  NEW YORK
      7839 KING       PRESIDENT 	10 ACCOUNTING	  NEW YORK
      7934 MILLER     CLERK		10 ACCOUNTING	  NEW YORK
      7566 JONES      MANAGER		20 RESEARCH	  DALLAS
      7902 FORD       ANALYST		20 RESEARCH	  DALLAS
      7876 ADAMS      CLERK		20 RESEARCH	  DALLAS
      7369 SMITH      CLERK		20 RESEARCH	  DALLAS
      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST		20 RESEARCH	  DALLAS
      7521 WARD       SALESMAN		30 SALES	  CHICAGO
      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN		30 SALES	  CHICAGO
      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN		30 SALES	  CHICAGO
      7900 JAMES      CLERK		30 SALES	  CHICAGO
      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER		30 SALES	  CHICAGO
      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN		30 SALES	  CHICAGO

14 rows selected.

  

--使用using 子句创建连接

select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname,d.loc
from emp e
join dept d
using (deptno)
where deptno in (20,40);

idle>  select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname,d.loc
from emp e
join dept d
using (deptno)
where deptno in (20,40);  2    3    4    5  

     EMPNO ENAME      DNAME	     LOC
---------- ---------- -------------- -------------
      7369 SMITH      RESEARCH	     DALLAS
      7566 JONES      RESEARCH	     DALLAS
      7788 SCOTT      RESEARCH	     DALLAS
      7876 ADAMS      RESEARCH	     DALLAS
      7902 FORD       RESEARCH	     DALLAS

 

05.SQL基础-->多表查询

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