时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:12人阅读
SqlAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简而言之:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
ORM(对象关系映射)方法论基于三个核心原则:
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MySQL - Python :
mysql + mysqldb: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>
pymysql :
mysql + pymysql: / / <username>:<password>@<host> / <dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL - Connector :
mysql + mysqlconnector: / / <user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>] / <dbname>
cx_Oracle :
oracle + cx_oracle: / / user: pass @host:port / dbname[?key = value&key = value...]
更多内容:http: / / docs.sqlalchemy.org / en / latest / dialects / index.html
备注:
* Python2. 7 版本使用mysqldb
* Python3. 5 版本使用pymysql
* 使用pip或者源码包安装,确保环境可以正常使用。
* 确保远程数据库服务器可以正常使用,并且拥有远程登陆权限
数据库授权:
* mysql - uroot - p # 登陆数据库
* create database wang # 创建数据库
* grant all on wang. * to wang@ "%" identified by ‘123‘ # 授权数据库
* flush privileges # 更新
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf8
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData, ForeignKey
# 创建数据库连接
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
# 获取元数据
metadata = MetaData()
# 定义表
user = Table( ‘user‘ , metadata,
Column( ‘id‘ , Integer, primary_key = True ),
Column( ‘name‘ , String( 20 )),
)
color = Table( ‘color‘ , metadata,
Column( ‘id‘ , Integer, primary_key = True ),
Column( ‘name‘ , String( 20 )),
)
# 创建数据表,如果数据表存在,则忽视
metadata.create_all(engine)
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继承式增删改查 使用ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect所有组件对数据库进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,再执行SQL。 Query对象可以返回迭代的值(iterator value),然后我们可以通过for in 来查询。不过Query对象的all(), one()以及first()方法将返回非迭代值(non-iterator value),比如说all() 返回的是一个列表, first()方法限制并且仅作为标量返回结果集的第一条记录。 (1)创建数据库
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# 创建数据库
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
# 生成一个SqlORM 基类
Base = declarative_base()
# 定义表结构
class User(Base):
# 表名
__tablename__ = ‘users‘
# 定义id,主键唯一,
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 50 ))
# 寻找Base的所有子类,按照子类的结构在数据库中生成对应的数据表信息
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# 创建与数据库的会话session class ,注意,这里返回给session的是个class,不是实例
Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = Session()
# 获取session,然后把对象添加到session
# 最后提交并关闭。Session对象可视为当前数据库连接。
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(2)增加
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘users‘
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 50 ))
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = Session()
#### 添加 ########
# 定义一个字段
zengjia = User( id = 2 , name = ‘sbliuyao‘ )
# 添加字段
session.add(zengjia)
# 添加多个字段
session.add_all([
User( id = 3 , name = ‘sbyao‘ ),
User( id = 4 , name = ‘liuyao‘ )
])
# 提交以上操作,现在只是在内存中增加,回写到数据库,就必须做提交操作
session.commit()
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(3)删除
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘users‘
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 50 ))
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = Session()
########### 删除 ##########
# 删除user表,id大于2的字段
session.query(User). filter (User. id > 2 ).delete()
session.commit()
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(4)修改
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
Base = declarative_base()
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘users‘
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 50 ))
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = Session()
# user表里的id等于2的字段修改为id=6
session.query(User). filter (User. id = = 2 ).update({ ‘id‘ : 6 })
session.commit()
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(5)查询
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### 查询方式1 ####
# 查询User表中字段是name=liuyao的第一条数据
ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name = ‘liuyao‘ ). all ()
print (ret) # 输出ret,这是个对象的内存地址
for i in ret:
print (i. id ,i.name) # 输出ret的内容
### 查询方式2 ####
# 查询user表里字段是name=liuyao的第一条数据
ret = session.query(User).filter_by(name = ‘liuyao‘ ).first()
print (ret) # 输出的结果为对象的内存地址
print (ret.name) # 输出结果的name字段
print (ret. id ) # 输出结果的id字段
### 查询方式3 ###
# 查询user表里字段是name是liuyao或者mayun的信息打印出来
ret = session.query(User). filter (User.name.in_([ ‘liuyao‘ , ‘mayun‘ ])). all ()
print (ret)
for i in ret:
print (i.name,i. id )
### 查询方式4 ###
# 可以给返回的结果起一个别名,或者叫标签:可有可无
ret = session.query(User.name.label(‘‘)). all ()
# 这里的关键是label方法,它的意思是把User的name字段改个名字叫name_label,
# 其相当于执行了:select users.name as name_label from User
print (ret, type (ret))
### 查询方式5 ###
# 查询User表根据id排序
ret = session.query(User).order_by(User. id ). all ()
print (ret)
for i in ret:
print (i.name)
### 查询方式6 ###
# 查询user表里根据id排序输入0到3的字段
ret = session.query(User).order_by(User. id )[ 0 : 3 ]
print (ret)
for i in ret:
print (i.name)
### 查询方式7 ###
# 创建Query查询,filter是where条件,最后调用one()返回唯一行,如果调用all()则返回所有行
user = session.query(User). filter (User. id = = ‘5‘ ).one()
print ( type (user)) # 查看user的类型
print (user.name) # 查看对象的name属性
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(6)外键关联
由于关系型数据的多个表还可以用外键实现一对多,多对多等关联,相应的,ORM框架也可以提供两个对象之间的一对多,多对多等功能,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf8
# 导入所需模块
from sqlalchemy import create_engine,func
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
# 生成sqlorm基类
Base = declarative_base()
# 创建数据库连接
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
# 目的是一个人可以拥有多本书,那么在数据库里的一对多关系
class User(Base):
# 表名
__tablename__ = ‘user‘
# id字段
id = Column(String( 20 ), primary_key = True )
# 名字字段
name = Column(String( 20 ))
# 一对多:
# 内容不是表名而是定义的表结构名字
books = relationship( ‘Book‘ )
class Book(Base):
# 表明
__tablename__ = ‘book‘
# id字段
id = Column(String( 20 ), primary_key = True )
# 名字字段
name = Column(String( 20 ))
# “多”的一方的book表是通过外键关联到user表的:
# ForeignKey是外键 关联user表的id字段
user_id = Column(String( 20 ), ForeignKey( ‘user.id‘ ))
# 创建所需表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ :
# 绑定,生成会话
SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = SessionCls()
# 创建用户
liuyao = User( id = ‘1‘ ,name = ‘liuyao‘ )
ali = User( id = ‘2‘ ,name = ‘ali‘ )
# 添加字段
session.add_all([liuyao,ali])
# 提交
session.commit()
# 创建白鹿原这本书,指定谁是拥有者
Whitedeer = Book( id = ‘1‘ ,name = ‘White_deer‘ ,user_id = ‘1‘ )
# 创建三体这本书,指定谁是拥有者
Threebody = Book( id = ‘2‘ ,name = ‘Three_body‘ ,user_id = ‘2‘ )
# 添加字段
session.add_all([Whitedeer,Threebody])
# 提交
session.commit()
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf8
from sqlalchemy import Column, Sequence, String, Integer, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine # 导入创建连接驱动
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref
# 这个url可以用urlparse解析, 其中echo=True表示执行时显示sql语句
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
# 生成了declarative基类, 以后的model继承此类
Base = declarative_base()
class Parent(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘parent‘
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 64 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )
children = relationship( "Child" , back_populates = "parent" )
class Child(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘child‘
id = Column(Integer, primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 64 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )
parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey( ‘parent.id‘ ))
parent = relationship( "Parent" , back_populates = "children" )
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 创建所有表结构
if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ :
SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
# 创建与数据库的会话session class ,注意,这里返回给session的是个class,不是实例
session = SessionCls()
mama = Parent( id = ‘1‘ ,name = ‘mamaxx‘ )
baba = Parent( id = ‘2‘ ,name = ‘babaoo‘ )
session.add_all([mama,baba])
onesb = Child( id = ‘1‘ ,name = ‘onesb‘ ,parent_id = ‘2‘ )
twosb = Child( id = ‘2‘ ,name = ‘twosb‘ ,parent_id = ‘2‘ )
session.add_all([onesb,twosb])
session.commit()
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
#coding:utf8
from sqlalchemy import create_engine,func,Table
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship
Base = declarative_base()
# 关系表
Host2Group = Table( ‘host_2_group‘ ,Base.metadata,
Column( ‘host_id‘ ,ForeignKey( ‘hosts.id‘ ),primary_key = True ),
Column( ‘group_id‘ ,ForeignKey( ‘group.id‘ ),primary_key = True ),
)
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/wang" , max_overflow = 5 )
class Host(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘hosts‘
id = Column(Integer,primary_key = True ,autoincrement = True )
hostname = Column(String( 64 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )
ip_addr = Column(String( 128 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )
port = Column(Integer,default = 22 )
groups = relationship( ‘Group‘ ,
secondary = Host2Group,
backref = ‘host_list‘ )
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = ‘group‘
id = Column(Integer,primary_key = True )
name = Column(String( 64 ),unique = True ,nullable = False )
Base.metadata.create_all(engine) # 创建所有表结构
if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ :
SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind = engine)
session = SessionCls()
g1 = Group(name = ‘g1‘ )
g2 = Group(name = ‘g2‘ )
g3 = Group(name = ‘g3‘ )
g4 = Group(name = ‘g4‘ )
session.add_all([g1,g2,g3,g4])
session.commit()
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Python3之sqlalchemy
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