sqlalchemy(二)高级用法

接下来，调用user和address来添加数据，

>>> jack = User(name=‘jack‘)
>>> jack.address
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: ‘User‘ object has no attribute ‘address‘
>>> jack.addresses
[]
>>> jack.addresses = [Address(email_address=‘test@test.com‘), Address(email_address=‘test1@test1.com‘)]
>>> jack.addresses
[<demo.Address object at 0x7f2536564f90>, <demo.Address object at 0x7f2535dc71d0>]
>>> session.add(jack)
>>> session.commit()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,237 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ‘sql_mode‘
2015-08-19 13:45:36,237 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,238 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT DATABASE()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,238 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine show collation where `Charset` = ‘utf8‘ and `Collation` = ‘utf8_bin‘
2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST(‘test plain returns‘ AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1
2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST(‘test unicode returns‘ AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1
2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST(‘test collated returns‘ AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) COLLATE utf8_bin AS anon_1
2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ()
2015-08-19 13:45:36,241 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,242 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (%s)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,242 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘jack‘,)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO addresses (email_address, user_id) VALUES (%s, %s)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test@test.com‘, 1L)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO addresses (email_address, user_id) VALUES (%s, %s)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test1@test1.com‘, 1L)
2015-08-19 13:45:36,244 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT
>>> 

此时，查看数据库，可以得到刚才插入的数据，

mysql> select * from users;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | jack |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from addresses;
+----+-----------------+---------+
| id | email_address   | user_id |
+----+-----------------+---------+
|  1 | test@test.com   |       1 |
|  2 | test1@test1.com |       1 |
+----+-----------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

join查询

如果不使用join的话，可以直接联表查询，

>>> session.query(User.name, Address.email_address).filter(User.id==Address.user_id).filter(Address.email_address==‘test@test.com‘).all()
2015-08-19 14:02:02,877 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.name AS users_name, addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address 
FROM users, addresses 
WHERE users.id = addresses.user_id AND addresses.email_address = %s
2015-08-19 14:02:02,878 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test@test.com‘,)
[(‘jack‘, ‘test@test.com‘)]

在sqlalchemy中提供了Queqy.join()函数，

>>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address==‘test@test.com‘).first()
2015-08-19 14:06:56,624 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name 
FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id 
WHERE addresses.email_address = %s 
 LIMIT %s
2015-08-19 14:06:56,624 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test@test.com‘, 1)
<demo.User object at 0x7f9a74139a10>
>>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address==‘test@test.com‘).first().name
2015-08-19 14:07:04,224 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name 
FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id 
WHERE addresses.email_address = %s 
 LIMIT %s
2015-08-19 14:07:04,224 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test@test.com‘, 1)
‘jack‘
>>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address==‘test@test.com‘).first().addresses
2015-08-19 14:07:06,534 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name 
FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id 
WHERE addresses.email_address = %s 
 LIMIT %s
2015-08-19 14:07:06,534 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘test@test.com‘, 1)
2015-08-19 14:07:06,535 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT addresses.id AS addresses_id, addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address, addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id 
FROM addresses 
WHERE %s = addresses.user_id ORDER BY addresses.id
2015-08-19 14:07:06,535 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (1L,)
[<demo.Address object at 0x7f9a74139350>, <demo.Address object at 0x7f9a741390d0>]
>>> 

注意，上面的用法的前提是存在外键的情况下，如果没有外键，那么可以使用,

query.join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id)    # explicit condition
query.join(User.addresses)                       # specify relationship from left to right
query.join(Address, User.addresses)              # same, with explicit target
query.join(‘addresses‘)    

表的别名

>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
>>> adalias1 = aliased(Address)

子查询

假设我们需要这样一个查询，

mysql> SELECT users.*, adr_count.address_count FROM users LEFT OUTER JOIN
    ->     (SELECT user_id, count(*) AS address_count
    ->         FROM addresses GROUP BY user_id) AS adr_count
    ->     ON users.id=adr_count.user_id;
+----+------+---------------+
| id | name | address_count |
+----+------+---------------+
|  1 | jack |             2 |
+----+------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#　生成子句，等同于（select user_id ... group_by user_id）
>>> sbq = session.query(Address.user_id, func.count(‘*‘).label(‘address_count‘)).group_by(Address.user_id).subquery()

# 联接子句，注意子句中需要使用c来调用字段内容
>>> session.query(User.name, sbq.c.address_count).outerjoin(sbq, User.id==sbq.c.user_id).all()
2015-08-19 14:42:53,425 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.name AS users_name, anon_1.address_count AS anon_1_address_count
FROM users LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT addresses.user_id AS user_id, count(%s) AS address_count
FROM addresses GROUP BY addresses.user_id) AS anon_1 ON users.id = anon_1.user_id
2015-08-19 14:42:53,425 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (‘*‘,)
[(‘jack‘, 2L)]
>>>

包含contains

query.filter(User.addresses.contains(someaddress))

数据删除delete

>>> session.delete(jack)
>>> session.query(User).filter_by(name=‘jack‘).count()
0

外键配置

在上面的例子中，删除了user－jack，但是address中的数据并没有删除。

cascade字段用来

addresses = relationship("Address", backref=‘user‘,
    cascade="all, delete, delete-orphan")

sqlalchemy(二)高级用法

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