时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:26人阅读
为了防止不符合规范的数据进入数据库,在用户对数据进行插入、修改、删除等操作时,DBMS自动按照一定的约束条件对数据进行监测,使不符合规范的数据不能进入数据库,以确保数据库中存储的数据正确、有效、相容。
约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数,主要分为以下几种:
# NOT NULL :非空约束,指定某列不能为空; # UNIQUE : 唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复 # PRIMARY KEY :主键,指定该列的值可以唯一地标识该列记录 # FOREIGN KEY :外键,指定该行记录从属于主表中的一条记录,主要用于参照完整性返回顶部
是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
mysql> create table t12 (id int not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)not null示例mysql
> select * from t12;
Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql
> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)不能向id列插入空元素。
mysql
> insert into t12 values (null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column ‘id‘ cannot be nullmysql
> insert into t12 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
我们约束某一列不为空,如果这一列中经常有重复的内容,就需要我们频繁的插入,这样会给我们的操作带来新的负担,于是就出现了默认值的概念。
默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
mysql> create table t13 (id1 int not null,id2 int not null default 222); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)not null + default 示例mysql
> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1 | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| id2 | int(11) | NO | | 222 | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)只向id1字段添加值,会发现id2字段会使用默认值填充
mysql
> insert into t13 (id1) values (111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql
> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
+-----+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)id1字段不能为空,所以不能单独向id2字段填充值;
mysql
> insert into t13 (id2) values (223);
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id1‘ doesn‘t have a default value向id1,id2中分别填充数据,id2的填充数据会覆盖默认值
mysql> insert into t13 (id1,id2) values (112,223);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
| 112 | 223 |
+-----+-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
设置严格模式: 不支持对not null字段插入null值 不支持对自增长字段插入”值 不支持text字段有默认值not null不生效 返回顶部直接在mysql中生效(重启失效):
>set sql_mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION";
mysql配置文件添加(永久失效):
-mode="STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
sql
唯一约束,指定某列或者几列组合不能重复
方法一: create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) );unique示例方法二:
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
unique(name)
);mysql
> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技术‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘IT‘ for key ‘name‘
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)not null 和unique的结合mysql
> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table service( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), host varchar(15) not null, port int not null, unique(host,port) #联合唯一 );联合唯一 返回顶部mysql
> insert into service values
-> (1,‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80),
-> (2,‘haproxy‘,‘192.168.0.20‘,80),
-> (3,‘mysql‘,‘192.168.0.30‘,3306)
-> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql
> insert into service(name,host,port) values(‘nginx‘,‘192.168.0.10‘,80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘192.168.0.10-80‘ for key ‘host‘
主键为了保证表中的每一条数据的该字段都是表格中的唯一值。换言之,它是用来独一无二地确认一个表格中的每一行数据。
主键可以包含一个字段或多个字段。当主键包含多个栏位时,称为组合键 (Composite Key),也可以叫联合主键。
主键可以在建置新表格时设定 (运用 CREATE TABLE 语句),或是以改变现有的表格架构方式设定 (运用 ALTER TABLE)。
主键必须唯一,主键值非空;可以是单一字段,也可以是多字段组合。
1.单字段主键
============单列做主键=============== #方法一:not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主键 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) );单字段主键mysql
> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)方法二:在某一个字段后用primary
keycreate table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_namemysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)方法四:给已经建成的表添加主键约束
mysql> create table department4(
-> id int,
-> name varchar(20),
-> comment varchar(100));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)mysql> alter table department4 modify id int primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.多字段主键
==================多列做主键================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) );多字段主键mysql
> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql
> insert into service values
-> (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘mysqld‘),
-> (‘172.16.45.11‘,‘3306‘,‘mariadb‘)
-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql
> insert into service values (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘nginx‘);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘172.16.45.10-3306‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘
约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id,则自动增长 create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘ );设置auto_incrementmysql
> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES | | male | |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
-> (‘egon‘),
-> (‘alex‘)
-> ;mysql
> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+
也可以指定id
mysql
> insert into student values(4,‘asb‘,‘female‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql
> insert into student values(7,‘wsb‘,‘female‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)mysql
> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
+----+------+--------+
对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql
> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql
> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql
> insert into student(name) values(‘ysb‘);
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 8 | ysb | male |
+----+------+------+
应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
mysql
> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql
> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)mysql
> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
了解知识
#在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值 mysql> create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20), -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘)