python多线程的详细介绍（代码示例）

global interpreter lock（cpython）

同一时刻只有一个线程运行在一个cpu上执行字节码（无法将多个线程映射到多个cpu上）

import dis

def add(a):
    a = a + 1
    return a
print(dis.dis(add))

GIL在某些情况下会释放

每次的结果都不一样 线程之间的安全问题

GIL会根据执行的直接码行数或者时间片释放GIL

遇到IO操作时主动释放

total = 0

def add():
    #1. dosomething1
    #2. io操作
    # 1. dosomething3
    global total
    for i in range(1000000):
        total += 1
def desc():
    global total
    for i in range(1000000):
        total -= 1

import threading
thread1 = threading.Thread(target=add)
thread2 = threading.Thread(target=desc)
thread1.start()
thread2.start()

thread1.join()
thread2.join()
print(total)

多线程编程

操作系统能够调度的的最小单位是进程，因为进程对系统的资源消耗非常大，所以后期就演变成了线程，线程实际上是依赖于我们的进程（任务管理器中我们实际上能看到的其实是进程 ），操作系统能调度的最小单元是线程。

对于io操作为主的编程来说，多进程和多先产出的性能差别不大，甚至多线程比多进程的性能还高，因为多线程编程更加轻量级。

简单的线程

import time
from threading import Thread


def get_detail_html(url):
    print("get detail html started")
    time.sleep(2)
    print("get detail html end")


def get_detail_url(url):
    print("get detail url started")
    time.sleep(4)
    print("get detail url end")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    thread1 = Thread(target=get_detail_html, args=("",))
    thread2 = Thread(target=get_detail_url, args=("",))
    # 设置为守护线程 当主线程运行完时 子线程被kill掉
    thread1.setDaemon(True)
    thread2.setDaemon(True)
    start_time = time.time()
    thread1.start()
    thread2.start()

    # 设置为阻塞 等待线程运行完再关闭主线程
    thread1.join()
    thread2.join()
    # 默认情况下 主线程退出与时 子线程不会被kill掉
    print("last time: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

重载线程实现多线程

import time
import threading

def get_detail_html(url):
    print("get detail html started")
    time.sleep(2)
    print("get detail html end")


def get_detail_url(url):
    print("get detail url started")
    time.sleep(4)
    print("get detail url end")


#2. 通过集成Thread来实现多线程
class GetDetailHtml(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(name=name)

    def run(self):
        print("get detail html started")
        time.sleep(2)
        print("get detail html end")


class GetDetailUrl(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super().__init__(name=name)

    def run(self):
        print("get detail url started")
        time.sleep(4)
        print("get detail url end")

if  __name__ == "__main__":
    thread1 = GetDetailHtml("get_detail_html")
    thread2 = GetDetailUrl("get_detail_url")
    start_time = time.time()
    thread1.start()
    thread2.start()

    thread1.join()
    thread2.join()

    #当主线程退出的时候， 子线程kill掉
    print ("last time: {}".format(time.time()-start_time))

多线程之间的通信

使用queue

# filename: thread_queue_test.py
# 通过queue的方式进行线程间同步
from queue import Queue
import time
import threading


def get_detail_html(queue):
    # 死循环 爬取文章详情页
    while True:
        url = queue.get()
        # for url in detail_url_list:
        print("get detail html started")
        time.sleep(2)
        print("get detail html end")


def get_detail_url(queue):
    # 死循环 爬取文章列表页
    while True:
        print("get detail url started")
        time.sleep(4)
        for i in range(20):
            # put 等到有空闲位置 再放入
            # put_nowait 非阻塞方式
            queue.put("http://projectsedu.com/{id}".format(id=i))
        print("get detail url end")


# 1. 线程通信方式- 共享变量
if __name__ == "__main__":
    detail_url_queue = Queue(maxsize=1000)

    thread_detail_url = threading.Thread(target=get_detail_url, args=(detail_url_queue,))
    for i in range(10):
        html_thread = threading.Thread(target=get_detail_html, args=(detail_url_queue,))
        html_thread.start()

    start_time = time.time()
    # 调用task_down从主线程退出
    detail_url_queue.task_done()
    # 从queue的角度阻塞
    detail_url_queue.join()

    print("last time: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))

线程的同步问题

在多线程编程中必须要面对的问题

无锁不安全的原因

# 没有锁
def add1(a):
    a += 1

def desc1(a):
    a -= 1

"""add
1. load a  a = 0
2. load 1  1
3. +    1
4. 赋值给a a=1
"""

"""add
1. load a  a = 0
2. load 1  1
3. -    1
4. 赋值给a a=-1
"""
import dis
print(dis.dis(add1))
print(dis.dis(desc1))

普通锁(Lock)

用锁会影响性能，锁会引起死锁（两次获取锁，获取锁之后不释放，互相等待（a需要b的资源 b需要a的资源））

import threading
from threading import Lock

total = 0
# 定义一把锁
lock = Lock()
def add():
    global total
    global lock
    for i in range(1000000):
        # 获取锁
        lock.acquire()
        total += 1
        # 释放锁
        lock.release()

def desc():
    global total
    for i in range(1000000):
        lock.acquire()
        total -= 1
        lock.release()

thread1 = threading.Thread(target=add)
thread2 = threading.Thread(target=desc)
thread1.start()
thread2.start()

thread1.join()
thread2.join()
print(total)

相互等待（资源竞争）

"""
A(a、b)
acquire (a)
acquire (b)

B(a、b)
acquire (b)
acquire (a)

# 解决办法
B(a、b)
acquire (a)
acquire (b)
"""

可重入锁（Rlock）

import threading
from threading import RLock

total = 0
# 可重入锁 可以在同一个线程中可载入多次
lock = RLock()
def add(lock):
    global total
    for i in range(1000000):
        # 获取锁
        lock.acquire()
        lock.acquire()
        total += 1
        do_something(lock)
        # 释放锁
        lock.release()
        lock.release()

def desc():
    global total
    for i in range(1000000):
        lock.acquire()
        total -= 1
        lock.release()

def do_something(lock):
    lock.acquire()
    # do something
    lock.release()

thread1 = threading.Thread(target=add)
thread2 = threading.Thread(target=desc)
thread1.start()
thread2.start()

thread1.join()
thread2.join()
print(total)

条件变量锁（condition）

用于复杂的线程间同步

# 没有条件锁 不能实现对话
import threading


class XiaoAi(threading.Thread):
   def __init__(self, lock):
       super().__init__(name="小爱")
       self.lock = lock

   def run(self):
       self.lock.acquire()
       print("{} : 在 ".format(self.name))
       self.lock.release()

       self.lock.acquire()
       print("{} : 好啊 ".format(self.name))
       self.lock.release()


class TianMao(threading.Thread):
   def __init__(self, lock):
       super().__init__(name="天猫精灵")
       self.lock = lock

   def run(self):
       self.lock.acquire()
       print("{} : 小爱同学 ".format(self.name))
       self.lock.release()

       self.lock.acquire()
       print("{} : 我们来对古诗吧 ".format(self.name))
       self.lock.release()


if __name__ == "__main__":
   cond = threading.Condition()
   xiaoai = XiaoAi(cond)
   tianmao = TianMao(cond)

   xiaoai.start()
   tianmao.start()

# 条件锁
import threading


class XiaoAi(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, cond):
        super().__init__(name="小爱")
        self.cond = cond

    def run(self):
        with self.cond:
            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 在 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 好啊 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 君住长江尾 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 共饮长江水 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 此恨何时已 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

            self.cond.wait()
            print("{} : 定不负相思意 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()

class TianMao(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, cond):
        super().__init__(name="天猫精灵")
        self.cond = cond

    def run(self):
        with self.cond:
            print("{} : 小爱同学 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()

            print("{} : 我们来对古诗吧 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()

            print("{} : 我住长江头 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()

            print("{} : 日日思君不见君 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()

            print("{} : 此水几时休 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()

            print("{} : 只愿君心似我心 ".format(self.name))
            self.cond.notify()
            self.cond.wait()



if __name__ == "__main__":
    from concurrent import futures
    cond = threading.Condition()
    xiaoai = XiaoAi(cond)
    tianmao = TianMao(cond)

    # 启动顺序很重要
    # 在调用with cond之后才能调用wait或者notify方法
    # condition有两层锁， 一把底层锁会在线程调用了wait方法的时候释放，
    # 上面的锁会在每次调用wait的时候分配一把并放入到cond的等待队列中，
    # 等到notify方法的唤醒
    xiaoai.start()
    tianmao.start()

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