序列标注、手写小写字母OCR数据集、双向RNN

    import gzipimport csvimport numpy as npfrom helpers import downloadclass OcrDataset:

        URL = 'http://ai.stanford.edu/~btaskar/ocr/letter.data.gz'def __init__(self, cache_dir):
            path = download(type(self).URL, cache_dir)
            lines = self._read(path)
            data, target = self._parse(lines)
            self.data, self.target = self._pad(data, target)

        @staticmethoddef _read(filepath):
            with gzip.open(filepath, 'rt') as file_:
                reader = csv.reader(file_, delimiter='\t')
                lines = list(reader)return lines

        @staticmethoddef _parse(lines):
            lines = sorted(lines, key=lambda x: int(x[0]))
            data, target = [], []
            next_ = Nonefor line in lines:if not next_:
                    data.append([])
                    target.append([])else:assert next_ == int(line[0])
                next_ = int(line[2]) if int(line[2]) > -1 else None
                pixels = np.array([int(x) for x in line[6:134]])
                pixels = pixels.reshape((16, 8))
                data[-1].append(pixels)
                target[-1].append(line[1])return data, target

        @staticmethoddef _pad(data, target):
            max_length = max(len(x) for x in target)
            padding = np.zeros((16, 8))
            data = [x + ([padding] * (max_length - len(x))) for x in data]
            target = [x + ([''] * (max_length - len(x))) for x in target]return np.array(data), np.array(target)import tensorflow as tffrom helpers import lazy_propertyclass SequenceLabellingModel:def __init__(self, data, target, params):
            self.data = data
            self.target = target
            self.params = params
            self.prediction
            self.cost
            self.error
            self.optimize

        @lazy_propertydef length(self):
            used = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.data), reduction_indices=2))
            length = tf.reduce_sum(used, reduction_indices=1)
            length = tf.cast(length, tf.int32)return length

        @lazy_propertydef prediction(self):
            output, _ = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(
                tf.nn.rnn_cell.GRUCell(self.params.rnn_hidden),
                self.data,
                dtype=tf.float32,
                sequence_length=self.length,
            )# Softmax layer.max_length = int(self.target.get_shape()[1])
            num_classes = int(self.target.get_shape()[2])
            weight = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(
                [self.params.rnn_hidden, num_classes], stddev=0.01))
            bias = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[num_classes]))# Flatten to apply same weights to all time steps.output = tf.reshape(output, [-1, self.params.rnn_hidden])
            prediction = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(output, weight) + bias)
            prediction = tf.reshape(prediction, [-1, max_length, num_classes])return prediction

        @lazy_propertydef cost(self):# Compute cross entropy for each frame.cross_entropy = self.target * tf.log(self.prediction)
            cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(cross_entropy, reduction_indices=2)
            mask = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.target), reduction_indices=2))
            cross_entropy *= mask# Average over actual sequence lengths.cross_entropy = tf.reduce_sum(cross_entropy, reduction_indices=1)
            cross_entropy /= tf.cast(self.length, tf.float32)return tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)

        @lazy_propertydef error(self):
            mistakes = tf.not_equal(
                tf.argmax(self.target, 2), tf.argmax(self.prediction, 2))
            mistakes = tf.cast(mistakes, tf.float32)
            mask = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.target), reduction_indices=2))
            mistakes *= mask# Average over actual sequence lengths.mistakes = tf.reduce_sum(mistakes, reduction_indices=1)
            mistakes /= tf.cast(self.length, tf.float32)return tf.reduce_mean(mistakes)

        @lazy_propertydef optimize(self):
            gradient = self.params.optimizer.compute_gradients(self.cost)try:
                limit = self.params.gradient_clipping
                gradient = [
                    (tf.clip_by_value(g, -limit, limit), v)if g is not None else (None, v)for g, v in gradient]except AttributeError:print('No gradient clipping parameter specified.')
            optimize = self.params.optimizer.apply_gradients(gradient)return optimizeimport randomimport tensorflow as tfimport numpy as npfrom helpers import AttrDictfrom OcrDataset import OcrDatasetfrom SequenceLabellingModel import SequenceLabellingModelfrom batched import batched

    params = AttrDict(
        rnn_cell=tf.nn.rnn_cell.GRUCell,
        rnn_hidden=300,
        optimizer=tf.train.RMSPropOptimizer(0.002),
        gradient_clipping=5,
        batch_size=10,
        epochs=5,
        epoch_size=50)def get_dataset():
        dataset = OcrDataset('./ocr')# Flatten images into vectors.dataset.data = dataset.data.reshape(dataset.data.shape[:2] + (-1,))# One-hot encode targets.target = np.zeros(dataset.target.shape + (26,))for index, letter in np.ndenumerate(dataset.target):if letter:
                target[index][ord(letter) - ord('a')] = 1dataset.target = target# Shuffle order of examples.order = np.random.permutation(len(dataset.data))
        dataset.data = dataset.data[order]
        dataset.target = dataset.target[order]return dataset# Split into training and test data.dataset = get_dataset()
    split = int(0.66 * len(dataset.data))
    train_data, test_data = dataset.data[:split], dataset.data[split:]
    train_target, test_target = dataset.target[:split], dataset.target[split:]# Compute graph._, length, image_size = train_data.shape
    num_classes = train_target.shape[2]
    data = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, length, image_size])
    target = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, length, num_classes])
    model = SequenceLabellingModel(data, target, params)
    batches = batched(train_data, train_target, params.batch_size)

    sess = tf.Session()
    sess.run(tf.initialize_all_variables())for index, batch in enumerate(batches):
        batch_data = batch[0]
        batch_target = batch[1]
        epoch = batch[2]if epoch >= params.epochs:breakfeed = {data: batch_data, target: batch_target}
        error, _ = sess.run([model.error, model.optimize], feed)print('{}: {:3.6f}%'.format(index + 1, 100 * error))

    test_feed = {data: test_data, target: test_target}
    test_error, _ = sess.run([model.error, model.optimize], test_feed)print('Test error: {:3.6f}%'.format(100 * error))import tensorflow as tffrom helpers import lazy_propertyclass BidirectionalSequenceLabellingModel:def __init__(self, data, target, params):
            self.data = data
            self.target = target
            self.params = params
            self.prediction
            self.cost
            self.error
            self.optimize

        @lazy_propertydef length(self):
            used = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.data), reduction_indices=2))
            length = tf.reduce_sum(used, reduction_indices=1)
            length = tf.cast(length, tf.int32)return length

        @lazy_propertydef prediction(self):
            output = self._bidirectional_rnn(self.data, self.length)
            num_classes = int(self.target.get_shape()[2])
            prediction = self._shared_softmax(output, num_classes)return predictiondef _bidirectional_rnn(self, data, length):
            length_64 = tf.cast(length, tf.int64)
            forward, _ = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(
                cell=self.params.rnn_cell(self.params.rnn_hidden),
                inputs=data,
                dtype=tf.float32,
                sequence_length=length,
                scope='rnn-forward')
            backward, _ = tf.nn.dynamic_rnn(
            cell=self.params.rnn_cell(self.params.rnn_hidden),
            inputs=tf.reverse_sequence(data, length_64, seq_dim=1),
            dtype=tf.float32,
            sequence_length=self.length,
            scope='rnn-backward')
            backward = tf.reverse_sequence(backward, length_64, seq_dim=1)
            output = tf.concat(2, [forward, backward])return outputdef _shared_softmax(self, data, out_size):
            max_length = int(data.get_shape()[1])
            in_size = int(data.get_shape()[2])
            weight = tf.Variable(tf.truncated_normal(
                [in_size, out_size], stddev=0.01))
            bias = tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[out_size]))# Flatten to apply same weights to all time steps.flat = tf.reshape(data, [-1, in_size])
            output = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(flat, weight) + bias)
            output = tf.reshape(output, [-1, max_length, out_size])return output

        @lazy_propertydef cost(self):# Compute cross entropy for each frame.cross_entropy = self.target * tf.log(self.prediction)
            cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(cross_entropy, reduction_indices=2)
            mask = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.target), reduction_indices=2))
            cross_entropy *= mask# Average over actual sequence lengths.cross_entropy = tf.reduce_sum(cross_entropy, reduction_indices=1)
            cross_entropy /= tf.cast(self.length, tf.float32)return tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy)

        @lazy_propertydef error(self):
            mistakes = tf.not_equal(
                tf.argmax(self.target, 2), tf.argmax(self.prediction, 2))
            mistakes = tf.cast(mistakes, tf.float32)
            mask = tf.sign(tf.reduce_max(tf.abs(self.target), reduction_indices=2))
            mistakes *= mask# Average over actual sequence lengths.mistakes = tf.reduce_sum(mistakes, reduction_indices=1)
            mistakes /= tf.cast(self.length, tf.float32)return tf.reduce_mean(mistakes)

        @lazy_propertydef optimize(self):
            gradient = self.params.optimizer.compute_gradients(self.cost)try:
                limit = self.params.gradient_clipping
                gradient = [
                    (tf.clip_by_value(g, -limit, limit), v)if g is not None else (None, v)for g, v in gradient]except AttributeError:print('No gradient clipping parameter specified.')
            optimize = self.params.optimizer.apply_gradients(gradient)return optimize