时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:63人阅读
itertools 模块提供了如下三类迭代器构建工具:
无限迭代
整合两序列迭代
组合生成器
1. 无限迭代
所谓无限(infinite)是指如果你通过 for...in... 的语法对其进行迭代,将陷入无限循环,包括:
- count(start, [step])
- cycle(p)
- repeat(elem [,n])
从名字大概可以猜出它们的用法,既然说是无限迭代,我们自然不会想要将其所有元素依次迭代取出,而通常是结合 map/zip 等方法,将其作为一个取之不尽的数据仓库,与有限长度的可迭代对象进行组合操作:
- from itertools import cycle, count, repeat
- print(count.__doc__)
- count(start=0, step=1) --> count object
- Return a count object whose .__next__() method returns consecutive values.
- Equivalent to:
- def count(firstval=0, step=1):
- x = firstval
- while 1:
- yield x
- x += step
- counter = count()
- print(next(counter))
- print(next(counter))
- print(list(map(lambda x, y: x+y, range(10), counter)))
- odd_counter = map(lambda x: 'Odd#{}'.format(x), count(1, 2))
- print(next(odd_counter))
- print(next(odd_counter))
- 0
- 1
- [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
- Odd#1
- Odd#3
- print(cycle.__doc__)
- cycle(iterable) --> cycle object
- Return elements from the iterable until it is exhausted.
- Then repeat the sequence indefinitely.
- cyc = cycle(range(5))
- print(list(zip(range(6), cyc)))
- print(next(cyc))
- print(next(cyc))
- [(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 0)]
- 1
- 2
- print(repeat.__doc__)
- repeat(object [,times]) -> create an iterator which returns the object
- for the specified number of times. If not specified, returns the object
- endlessly.
- print(list(repeat('Py', 3)))
- rep = repeat('p')
- print(list(zip(rep, 'y'*3)))
- ['Py', 'Py', 'Py']
- [('p', 'y'), ('p', 'y'), ('p', 'y')]
2. 整合两序列迭代
所谓整合两序列,是指以两个有限序列为输入,将其整合操作之后返回为一个迭代器,最为常见的 zip 函数就属于这一类别,只不过 zip 是内置函数。这一类别完整的方法包括:
- accumulate()
- chain()/chain.from_iterable()
- compress()
- dropwhile()/filterfalse()/takewhile()
- groupby()
- islice()
- starmap()
- tee()
- zip_longest()
这里就不对所有的方法一一举例说明了,如果想要知道某个方法的用法,基本通过 print(method.__doc__) 就可以了解,毕竟 itertools 模块只是提供了一种快捷方式,并没有隐含什么深奥的算法。这里只对下面几个我觉得比较有趣的方法进行举例说明。
- from itertools import cycle, compress, islice, takewhile, count
- # 这三个方法(如果使用恰当)可以限定无限迭代
- # print(compress.__doc__)
- print(list(compress(cycle('PY'), [1, 0, 1, 0])))
- # 像操作列表 l[start:stop:step] 一样操作其它序列
- # print(islice.__doc__)
- print(list(islice(cycle('PY'), 0, 2)))
- # 限制版的 filter
- # print(takewhile.__doc__)
- print(list(takewhile(lambda x: x < 5, count())))
- ['P', 'P']
- ['P', 'Y']
- [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
- from itertools import groupby
- from operator import itemgetter
- print(groupby.__doc__)
- for k, g in groupby('AABBC'):
- print(k, list(g))
- db = [dict(name='python', script=True),
- dict(name='c', script=False),
- dict(name='c++', script=False),
- dict(name='ruby', script=True)]
- keyfunc = itemgetter('script')
- db2 = sorted(db, key=keyfunc) # sorted by `script'
- for isScript, langs in groupby(db2, keyfunc):
- print(', '.join(map(itemgetter('name'), langs)))
- groupby(iterable[, keyfunc]) -> create an iterator which returns
- (key, sub-iterator) grouped by each value of key(value).
- A ['A', 'A']
- B ['B', 'B']
- C ['C']
- c, c++
- python, ruby
- from itertools import zip_longest
- # 内置函数 zip 以较短序列为基准进行合并,
- # zip_longest 则以最长序列为基准,并提供补足参数 fillvalue
- # Python 2.7 中名为 izip_longest
- print(list(zip_longest('ABCD', '123', fillvalue=0)))
- [('A', '1'), ('B', '2'), ('C', '3'), ('D', 0)]
3. 组合生成器
关于生成器的排列组合:
- product(*iterables, repeat=1):两输入序列的笛卡尔乘积
- permutations(iterable, r=None):对输入序列的完全排列组合
- combinations(iterable, r):有序版的排列组合
- combinations_with_replacement(iterable, r):有序版的笛卡尔乘积
- from itertools import product, permutations, combinations, combinations_with_replacement
- print(list(product(range(2), range(2))))
- print(list(product('AB', repeat=2)))
- [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)]
- [('A', 'A'), ('A', 'B'), ('B', 'A'), ('B', 'B')]
- print(list(combinations_with_replacement('AB', 2)))
- [('A', 'A'), ('A', 'B'), ('B', 'B')]
- # 赛马问题:4匹马前2名的排列组合(A^4_2)
- print(list(permutations('ABCDE', 2)))
- [('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'), ('A', 'D'),
- ('A', 'E'), ('B', 'A'), ('B', 'C'),
- ('B', 'D'), ('B', 'E'), ('C', 'A'),
- ('C', 'B'), ('C', 'D'), ('C', 'E'),
- ('D', 'A'), ('D', 'B'), ('D', 'C'),
- ('D', 'E'), ('E', 'A'), ('E', 'B'), ('E', 'C'), ('E', 'D')]
- # 彩球问题:4种颜色的球任意抽出2个的颜色组合(C^4_2)
- print(list(combinations('ABCD', 2)))
- [('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'), ('A', 'D'), ('B', 'C'), ('B', 'D'), ('C', 'D')]