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SQLServer数据库语句大全汇总

时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:39人阅读

目录清单CONTEXT LIST 1.数据库DataBase 1.1数据库建立/删除create/drop database 1.2数据库备份与恢复backup/restore database 2.数据查询DATA QUERY LANGUAGE 2.1选择查询Select Query 2.2聚集查询Aggregate Query 2.3子查询 Sub Query 2.4连接查询Table J

目录清单CONTEXT LIST
1.数据库DataBase 1.1数据库建立/删除create/drop database 1.2数据库备份与恢复backup/restore database
2.数据查询DATA QUERY LANGUAGE 2.1选择查询Select Query 2.2聚集查询Aggregate Query 2.3子查询 Sub Query 2.4连接查询Table Joins 2.5汇总查询Group Query
3.数据修改DATA MODIFY LANGUAGE 3.1插入数据Insert 3.2修改数据Update 3.3删除数据Delete
4.数据定义DATA DEFINE LANGUAGE 4.1表Table 4.2列Column 4.3序列Identity 4.4约束Constraints 4.5索引Index 4.6视图view 4.7权限Privilege
5.数据库函数Functions 5.1转换函数Data Convert Functions 5.2聚集函数Aggregate Functions 5.3字符函数char Functions 5.4日期函数Date Functions 5.5数学函数Math Functions 5.6分析函数Analytical Functions
6.数据库脚本Script 6.1数据类型Data Types 6.2脚本语法Statements 6.3脚本游标Cursor 6.4存储过程Procedure 6.5存储函数Function 6.6触发器Trigger 6.7事务Transaction 6.8其它Other

SQL明细 SQL DETAIL
1.数据库DataBase 1.1数据库建立/删除create/drop database 1.2备份与恢复backup/restore database
1.1数据库建立/删除create/drop database 1.1.1.建立数据库 语法:create database <数据库名> [其它参数] 代码: //建立数据库 hr create database hr

1.1.2.删除数据库。 语法:drop database <数据库名> 代码: //删除数据库hr drop database hr //如果存在hr数据库,则删除数据库hr IF DB_ID('hr') IS NOT NULL DROP DATABASE TestDB ----------------------------------------------------------- 1.2备份与恢复backup/restore database 1.2.1.添加备份设备 语法:sp_addumpdevice

代码: //添加备份设备为本地硬盘 sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'localbackup', 'e:\database\backup\localbak.bak' //备份到网络硬盘 sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'netbackup', '\\computer1\database\backup\netbak.bak' //备份到磁带 sp_addumpdevice 'tape', 'tapebackup', '\\.\tape1bak' //备份到命名管道 sp_addumpdevice 'pipe', 'pipebackup', 'e:\database\backup\pipebak'

1.2.2.备份数据库 语法:backup database to | disk=

代码: //备份数据库到备份设备 backup database pubs to localbackup //备份数据库到指定路径下面的指定文件 backup database pubs to disk='e:\database\backup\pubsbak.bak'

1.2.3.恢复数据库 语法:restore database from | disk= 代码: //从备份设备中恢复数据库 restore database pubs from localbackup //从备份文件中恢复数据库

2.数据查询DATA QUERY LANGUAGE 2.1选择查询Select Query 2.2子查询 Sub Query 2.3连接查询Table Joins 2.4汇总查询Group Query ----------------------------------------------------------- 2.1选择查询Select Query 语法: select [top n][/all]/[distinct] [*] / [columnlist...] [...) [as alias] [where search expression...] [group by groupnamelist ....] [having search-expression...] [order by sort-expression...]

//select选项说明: top n:只显示第一条到n条记录 //重复与不重复记录 all:表示包含重复的记录 distinct:表示去掉重复的记录 //所有字段与选中字段和字段别名 *:表示所有的列名 columnlist:表示字段列表 columnlist as alias:表示字段的别名

//其它字段 const-expression:常量表达式(如数字/字符串/日期/时间常量) sql-expression:常见的sql语句的加减乘除表达式运算字段 function expression:数据库函数和自定义函数字段

//测试条件 比较测试条件(=,<>,>,<,>=,<=) 范围测试条件(betweeen 下限值 and 上限值) 成员测试条件(in,not in) 存在测试条件(exists,not exists) 匹配测试条件(like) 限定测试条件(any,all) 空值测试条件(is null)

//复合搜索条件(and, or,not,()) and:逻辑与运算 and:逻辑或运算 not:逻辑非运算 ():可改变优先级的运算符

//子句说明 select子句:指出检索的数据项 from 子句:指出检索的数据表 where 子句:指出检索的数据条件 group by子句:指出检索的数据进行汇总 having子句:指出检索的数据进行汇总之前的条件 order by子句:指出检索的数据条件进行排序 代码: //所有字段方式显示orders全部记录 select * from orders //按字段显示全部记录 select order_num,order_date,amount from orders //按字段显示全部记录,但除掉重复的记录 select order_num,order_date,amount from orders //用sql-expression乘运算计算列 select amount,amount*0.08 as discount_amt from orders //用自定义函数计算指定列 select order_num,order_date,amount,f_amt_to_chn(amount) as 金额 from orders

select选项太多,代码例子就省略... ----------------------------------------------------------- 2.2子查询 Sub Query 语法:select ... from where / having column 测试条件 (Sub Query) //测试条件 比较测试条件(=,<>,>,<,>=,<=) 范围测试条件(betweeen 下限值 and 上限值) 成员测试条件(in,not in) 存在测试条件(exists,not exists) 匹配测试条件(like) 限定测试条件(any,all) 空值测试条件(is null)

代码: //列出没有完成销售目标10%的销售人员清单[<测试] select name from salesreps where quota < (0.1 * select sum(target) from offices)) //列出公司的销售目标超过各个销售人员定额总和的销售点[>测试] select city from offices where target > (select sum(quota) from salesreps where rep_office=office) //列出超过销售目标的销售点的业务人员[in测试] select name from salesreps where office in (select office from offies where sales > target) //列出订单大于2500元的产品名称[exists测试] select description from products where exists ( select * from orders where product=prodct_id and amount > 2500.00 ) //列出完成销售目标10%的销售人员清单[any测试] select name from salesreps where (0.1* quota) < any(select amount from orders where rep=empl_num)

----------------------------------------------------------- 2.3连接查询Table Joins 多表连接类型可分为三类(内/外/交叉连接) 主从表或者父子表进行多表连接多以主键和外键进行关联 Outer joins(LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, and FULL OUTER joins) left outer join:查询的结果以左边表行数为准 right outer join:查询的结果以右边表行数为准

2.3.1.内连接inner join 功能: 语法: SELECT select_list FROM table_1 [INNER] JOIN table_2 ON join_condition_1 [[INNER] JOIN table_3 ON join_condition_2]... 代码: //没有where子句的内连接 SELECT * FROM Products INNER JOIN Suppliers ON Products.SupplierID = Suppliers.SupplierID

//有where子句的内连接 SELECT p.ProductID, s.SupplierID, p.ProductName, s.CompanyName FROM Products p INNER JOIN Suppliers s ON p.SupplierID = s.SupplierID WHERE p.ProductID < 4

----------------------------------------------------------- 2.3.2.外连接outer join 功能:包括三种连接LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, and FULL OUTER joins left outer :查询的结果以左边表行数为准 right outer :查询的结果以右边表行数为准 语法:select ... from table1 [left/right/full outer join ]table2 where ... 代码: //以Customers表行数为标准去连接Orders表 SELECT c.CustomerID, CompanyName FROM Customers c LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID WHERE o.CustomerID IS NULL

----------------------------------------------------------- 2.3.3.交叉连接cross join 功能:以主从表或者父子表之间的主键进行连接,最终以笛卡尔乘积运算的结果 语法:select ... from table1 cross join table2 where ...

代码: //显示结果以表1行数*表2行数 假设Departments为4行记录 假设Jobs为3行记录 下面的显示结果为4*3=12行记录 SELECT deptname,jobdesc FROM Departments CROSS JOIN Jobs //用关键字匹配的交叉连接 oc_head/oc_detail是主从表 oc_head(主键oc_number) oc_detail(主键oc_number,item_number,ship_date)

SELECT h.customerid,d.item_number,d.ship_date from oc_head as h CROSS JOIN oc_detail as d where h.oc_number=d.oc_number ----------------------------------------------------------- 2.4汇总查询Group Query //汇总查询相当于会计报表中的小计汇总的功能

语法: select ... from group by [having search expression]

代码: //求出每名销售人员的销售金额 select rep,sum(amount) from orders group by rep //每个销售点分配了多少销售人员 select rep_office,count(*) from salesreps group by rep_office //计算每名销售人员的每个客户和订单金额 select cust,rep,sum(amount) from orders group by cust,rep //Having子句应用 select rep,avg(amount) from orders having sum(quota) > 3000.00

3.数据修改DATA MODIFY LANGUAGE 3.1插入数据Insert 3.2修改数据Update 3.3删除数据Delete ----------------------------------------------------------- 3.1插入数据Insert 3.1.1.单行插入 语法:insert into [...] values(...);

代码: //不省略字段清单 insert into salesreps(name,age,empl_no,sales,title,hire_date,rep_office) values('jack toms',36,111,0.00,'sales mgr','10-05-2010',13) //省略字段清单 insert into salesreps values('jack toms',36,111,0.00,'sales mgr','10-05-2010',13) 3.1.2.多行插入 语法:insert into [(...)] values(...) WITH CHECK OPTION

代码: CREATE VIEW vw_customerlist AS SELECT * FROM Customers ----------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.3查询视图Query view 语法:select * from viewname 代码:select * from vw_customerlist ----------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.4修改视图ALTER VIEW 语法:select * from viewname 代码:select * from vw_customerlist ----------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.5视图删除DROP VIEW //4.6.2视图删除 语法: drop view <视图名> 代码: //视图删除v_hr_personl_info drop view v_hr_personl_info

----------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.6.过滤视图Filter view 语法: select * from viewname where/having expressions 代码: CREATE VIEW BankersMin AS SELECT BankerName, BankerState FROM Bankers where BankerID < 5

SELECT * FROM BankersMin WHERE BankerState = 'CA' ORDER BY BankerName

----------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.7.可更新的视图Updatable View 语法: CREATE VIEW AS SELECT statement WITH CHECK OPTION 代码: CREATE VIEW OregonShippers_vw AS SELECT ShipperID, CompanyName, Phone FROM Shippers WITH CHECK OPTION

//此视图的记录可以进行delete/update/insert insert into values(values....) delete from where/having expressions update set column =values... where/having expressions

----------------------------------------------------------- 4.7权限Privilege 4.7.1数据库用户添加 语法: sp_addlogin [ @loginame = ] 'login' [ , [ @passwd = ] 'password' ] [ , [ @defdb = ] 'database' ] [ , [ @deflanguage = ] 'language' ] [ , [ @sid = ] sid ] [ , [ @encryptopt= ] 'encryption_option' ]

代码: 数据库testdb上面添加一个登陆用户test,密码为tt EXEC sp_addlogin 'test', 'tt', 'testdb', 'us_english' EXEC sp_addlogin 'yao', 'it', 'mtyjxc', 'us_english' ----------------------------------------------------------- 4.7.2数据库用户删除 语法:DROP LOGIN <登陆名称> 代码:DROP LOGIN test

----------------------------------------------------------- 4.7.3用户权限授予grant grant语法: GRANT privilege [, ...] ON object [, ...] TO { PUBLIC | GROUP group | username }

privilege取值范围如下: SELECT:访问声明的表/视图的所有列/字段. INSERT:向声明的表中插入所有列字段. UPDATE:更新声明的表所有列/字段. DELETE:从声明的表中删除所有行. RULE:在表/视图上定义规则 (参见 CREATE RULE 语句). ALL:赋予所有权限.

object取值范围如下: table view sequence

PUBLIC:代表是所有用户的简写. GROUP:将要赋予权限的组 group username:将要赋予权限的用户名. 如果成功,返回输出CHANGE信息. 代码: GRANT all on mtyjxc to 'yao'

----------------------------------------------------------- 7.7.4用户权限解除REVOKE REVOKE { ALL | statement [ ,...n ] } FROM security_account [ ,...n ] ALL: 指定将删除所有适用的权限。 对于语句权限,只有 sysadmin 固定服务器角色成员可以使用 ALL。 对于对象权限,sysadmin 固定服务器角色成员、db_owne 固定数据库角色成员和数据库对象所有者都可以使用 ALL。 statement: 是要删除其权限的授权语句。语句列表可以包括: * CREATE DATABASE * CREATE DEFAULT * CREATE FUNCTION * CREATE PROCEDURE * CREATE RULE * CREATE TABLE * CREATE VIEW * BACKUP DATABASE * BACKUP LOG

FROM: 指定安全帐户列表。 security_account: 是当前数据库内将要被删除权限的安全帐户。 安全帐户可以是:SQL Server用户,SQL Server角色。 代码: REVOKE all ON mtyjxc.* TO yao REVOKE all ON mtyjxc TO yao

5.数据库函数Functions 5.1转换函数Data Convert Functions 5.2聚集函数Aggregate Functions 5.3字符函数char Functions 5.4日期函数Date Functions 5.5数学函数Math Functions 5.6分析函数Analytical Functions ----------------------------------------------------------- 5.1转换函数Data Convert Functions 5.1.1 CAST() 功能:数据类型转换 语法:CAST(expression AS data_type) 代码: SELECT BillingDate, BillingTotal, CAST(BillingDate AS varchar) AS varcharDate, CAST(BillingTotal AS int) AS integerTotal, CAST(BillingTotal AS varchar) AS varcharTotal FROM Billings ----------------------------------------------------------- 5.1.2 COALESCE() 功能:返回表达式列表中第一个非空值表达式的值 语法:COALESCE(expression1, expression2, ... expressionN) 代码: SELECT BankerName, COALESCE(CAST(BillingTotal AS varchar), 'No Billings') AS BillingTotal FROM Bankers LEFT JOIN Billings ON Bankers.BankerID = Billings.BankerID ORDER BY BankerName

----------------------------------------------------------- 5.1.3 CONVERT() 功能:把表达式值转换为指定sytle的数据类型 语法:CONVERT(data_ type(), expression,