时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:59人阅读
写这篇文章,主要是总结最近学到的一些新知识,这些特性不一定是SQLSERVER最新版才有,大多数是2008新特性,有些甚至是更早。如果有不懂的地方,建议大家去百度谷歌搜搜,本文不做详细阐述,有错误的地方,欢迎大家批评指正
1. TVP, 表变量,临时表,CTE 的区别
With cube, With rollup
--示例代码
declare @t table(goodsname VARCHAR(max) ,sku1name VARCHAR(max) , sku2name VARCHAR(max), qty INT)
insert @t select '凡客TX','红色','S',1
insert @t select '凡客TX','黑色','S',2
insert @t select '凡客TX','白色','L',3
insert @t select '京东村山','白色','L',4
insert @t select '京东村山','红色','S',5
insert @t select '京东村山','黑色','L',6
insert @t select '亚马逊拖鞋','白色','L',7
insert @t select '亚马逊拖鞋','红色','S',8
SELECT * FROM @t
select goodsname,sku1name,sku2name,sum(qty) sumqty
from @t
group by goodsname,sku1name,sku2name with rollup
ORDER BY goodsname,sku1name,sku2name
select goodsname,sku1name,sku2name,sum(qty) sumqty
from @t
group by goodsname,sku1name,sku2name with cube
ORDER BY goodsname,sku1name,sku2name
-----------------------
declare @t table(goodsname VARCHAR(max) ,sku1name VARCHAR(max) , sku2name VARCHAR(max), qty INT)
insert @t select '凡客TX','红色','S',1
insert @t select '凡客TX','黑色','S',2
insert @t select '凡客TX','白色','L',3
insert @t select '京东村山','白色','L',4
insert @t select '京东村山','红色','S',5
insert @t select '京东村山','黑色','L',6
insert @t select '亚马逊拖鞋','白色','L',7
insert @t select '亚马逊拖鞋','红色','S',8
--GROUPING SETS 运算符
SELECT goodsname,sku1name,sku2name, SUM(qty) FROM @t GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(goodsname,sku1name,sku2name)
SELECT goodsname, sku1name, sku2name ,SUM(qty) FROM @t
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(goodsname), ROLLUP(sku1name,sku2name)
ORDER BY goodsname,sku1name,sku2name
SELECT goodsname, sku1name, sku2name ,SUM(qty) FROM @t
GROUP BY ROLLUP(goodsname,sku1name,sku2name)
ORDER BY goodsname,sku1name,sku2name
SELECT CASE WHEN GROUPING(goodsname) = 1 THEN '[ALL]' ELSE goodsname END goodsname,
CASE WHEN GROUPING(sku1name) = 1 THEN '[ALL]' ELSE sku1name END sku1name,
CASE WHEN GROUPING(sku2name) = 1 THEN '[ALL]' ELSE sku2name END sku2name ,SUM(qty) FROM @t
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS(goodsname), ROLLUP(sku1name,sku2name)
ORDER BY goodsname,sku1name,sku2name
8. 一些快捷的语法 例如 Declare @id int = 0
虽然有时很快捷,但DBA不建议这样使用,Declare @id = select top 1 id from 表名,建议声明和查表赋值分开
9. 公用表达式 CTE
特点:可嵌套使用,代替联接表中的子查询,结构层次更加清晰,也可用来递归查询,另外通过巧妙的常量列控制递归层次
示例代码如下:
代码如下:
--公用表达式CTE Common table expression
--用CTE实现递归算法
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEETREE(
EMPLOYEE INT PRIMARY KEY,
employeename nvarchar(50),
reportsto int
)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(1,'Richard',null)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(2,'Stephen',1)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(3,'Clemens',2)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(4,'Malek',2)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(5,'Goksin',4)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(6,'Kimberly',1)
insert into EMPLOYEETREE values(7,'Ramesh',5)
----------------------
--确定哪些员工向Stephen报告的递归查询
with employeeTemp as
(
select EMPLOYEE, employeename, reportsto from EMPLOYEETREE where EMPLOYEE = 2
union all
select a.EMPLOYEE, a.employeename, a.reportsto from EMPLOYEETREE as a
inner join employeeTemp as b on a.reportsto = b.EMPLOYEE
)
select * from employeeTemp where EMPLOYEE <> 2 --option(maxrecursion 2)
--不报错设置级联关联递归
with employeeTemp as
(
select EMPLOYEE, employeename, reportsto,0 as sublevel from EMPLOYEETREE where EMPLOYEE = 2
union all
select a.EMPLOYEE, a.employeename, a.reportsto,sublevel+1 from EMPLOYEETREE as a
inner join employeeTemp as b on a.reportsto = b.EMPLOYEE
)
select * from employeeTemp where EMPLOYEE <> 2 and sublevel <=2 --option(maxrecursion 2)
10. pivot 与 unpivot
前者用在行转列,注意:必须用聚合函数与PIVOT一起使用,计算聚会时将不考虑出现在值列中的任何空值;一般情况下,可以用列上的子查询来替换pivot语句,但是这样做效率不高
后者用在列转行,注意:如果某些列中有null值,将会被过滤掉,不产生新行;语法上For前指定的新列,对应原表指定列名中的值,For后指定的新列对应原表指定列名中的标题的值
两者都有的共性:语法上最后必须要有别名;IN里面指定的列类型必须是一致的。
示例代码如下:
代码如下:
pivot与unpivot
--关于PIVOT的操作
CREATE TABLE #test
(
NAME VARCHAR(max),
SCORE INT
)
INSERT INTO #test VALUES ('张三','97')
INSERT INTO #test VALUES ('李四','28')
INSERT INTO #test VALUES ('王五','33')
INSERT INTO #test VALUES ('神人','78')
--NAME SCORE
--张三 97
--李四 28
--王五 33
--神人 78
--行转列
SELECT --'成绩单' AS SCORENAME ,
[张三], [李四], [王五]
FROM #test
PIVOT (AVG(SCORE) FOR NAME IN ([张三], [李四], [王五])) b
-----------------------------------------
CREATE TABLE VendorEmployee(
VendorId INT,
Emp1Order INT,
Emp2Order INT,
Emp3Order INT,
Emp4Order INT,
Emp5Order INT,
)
GO
INSERT INTO VendorEmployee VALUES(1,4,3,5,4,4)
INSERT INTO VendorEmployee VALUES(2,4,1,5,5,5)
INSERT INTO VendorEmployee VALUES(3,4,3,5,4,4)
INSERT INTO VendorEmployee VALUES(4,4,2,5,4,4)
INSERT INTO VendorEmployee VALUES(5,5,1,5,5,5)
SELECT * FROM VendorEmployee
----------------
--列转行
SELECT * FROM (
SELECT VendorId,[Emp1Order],[Emp2Order],[Emp3Order],[Emp4Order],[Emp5Order] FROM VendorEmployee) AS unpiv
UNPIVOT (orders FOR elyid IN ([Emp1Order],[Emp2Order],[Emp3Order],[Emp4Order],[Emp5Order])) AS child
ORDER BY elyid
SELECT * FROM VendorEmployee
UNPIVOT (orders FOR elyid IN ([Emp1Order],[Emp2Order],[Emp3Order],[Emp4Order],[Emp5Order])) AS child
ORDER BY elyid
SELECT * FROM VendorEmployee UNPIVOT ( ORDERS FOR [操作员名字] IN ([Emp1Order],[Emp2Order],[Emp3Order],[Emp4Order],[Emp5Order]))