一、optimizer_index_cost_adj参数 优化器计算通过索引扫描访问表数据的cost开销，可以通过这个参数进行调整。参数可用值的范围为1到10000。默认值为100， 超过100后越大则越会使索引扫描的COST开销越高 （计算的），从而导致查询优化器更加倾向于使用全表扫
一、optimizer_index_cost_adj参数 优化器计算通过索引扫描访问表数据的cost开销，可以通过这个参数进行调整。参数可用值的范围为1到10000。默认值为100，
超过100后越大则越会使索引扫描的COST开销越高（计算的），从而导致查询优化器更加倾向于使用全表扫描。相反，值越小于100，计算出来的索引扫描的开销就越低。 注意： 1、这里描述的开销，仅仅为优化器评估出来的而已，而非实际执行的开销；例如同样的SQL语句，同样的执行路径，修改这个参数以后，计算出来的cost不同，但是，SQL语句执行的实际物理路径、时间、逻辑读都是一样的。 2、这个参数影响优化器评估索引访问的IO开销 3、可以参见后面的示例进一步理解这个参数
二、optimizer_index_caching参数 用于在执行in-list遍历和嵌套循环连接时，优化器评估已经存在于buffer cache中的索引块的数量（以百分比的方式）。参数的取值范围是0到100，默认值为0,
取值越大就越减少优化器在评估In-list和嵌套循环连接的索引扫描的开销COST。 1、这里的描述仅仅为优化器的评估结果。换句话说，它不是用来指定数据库实际缓存的每个索引块的数量 2、可以参见后面的示例进一步理解这个参数
三、索引范围扫描的成本计算公式（与两个参数相结合） cost = { (blevel+leaf_blocks * effective index selectivity)*(1-optimizer_index_caching/100)+ cluster_factor * effective table selectivity)*(optimizer_index_cost_adj/100) } 说明 1、blevel=索引的层数，即dba_indexes视图中的blevel列值 2、leaf_blocks为索引的叶子块数量,即dba_indexes视图中的leaf_blocks列值 3、effective index selectivity指的是SQL语句中用于索引扫描的谓词驱动条件的列字段的选择率（where条件中） 4、cluster_factor为索引的聚簇因子（表示索引数据与表数据排序后的相近程度） 5、effective table selectivity指的是SQL where条件中能够在索引上进行过滤的所有谓词列字段的选择率（可以理解为通过索引扫描后（包含驱动和过滤），最后通过rowid定位表的数量） 6、一般是4、5两个部分往往是整个计算公式中权重最大的因素。
注意 1、从上面的成本计算公式和说明，我们知道，optimizer_index_cost_adj参数对优化器的影响要远远大于optimizer_index_caching参数 2、随着优化器越来越智能这两个参数的作用已经慢慢被 系统统计信息 给替换了。 3、10gR2开始，这两个参数的值尽量保持为默认值。如果实在需要调整，请严格测试！
四、optimizer_index_cost_adj参数示例 SQL>
create table t
as select rownum rn ,object_name
name from dba_objects a
where rownum<5000;
Table created.
SQL>
create index t_idx
on t(rn);
Index created.
SQL>
BEGIN
2
3 DBMS_STATS.GATHER_TABLE_STATS(OWNNAME=>'SYS',
4 TABNAME=>'T',
5 ESTIMATE_PERCENT=>30,
6 METHOD_OPT=>'FOR ALL COLUMNS SIZE 1',
7 NO_INVALIDATE=>
FALSE,
8
CASCADE=>
TRUE,
9 DEGREE => 4);
10
END;
11 /
PL/
SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:24 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 -
access("RN"<200)
14
rows selected.
SQL>
alter session set optimizer_index_cost_adj=50;
Session altered.
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 | 2 (0)| 00:00:18 |
| 1 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 199 | 4179 | 2 (0)| 00:00:18 |
|* 2 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:12 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 -
access("RN"<200)
14
rows selected.
SQL>
alter session set optimizer_index_cost_adj=500;
Session altered.
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 1601196873
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 1 |
TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 199 | 4179 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("RN"<200)
13
rows selected.
五、optimizer_index_caching参数示例 IN-LIST示例 SQL>
set linesize 200 pagesize 9999
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn
in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100,130,200,240,2000);
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 3506647781
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 12 | 252 | 4 (0)| 00:00:43 |
| 1 | INLIST ITERATOR | | | | | |
| 2 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 12 | 252 | 4 (0)| 00:00:43 |
|* 3 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 12 | | 3 (0)| 00:00:31 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 -
access("RN"=1
OR "RN"=2
OR "RN"=3
OR "RN"=4
OR "RN"=5
OR "RN"=6
OR
"RN"=7
OR "RN"=100
OR "RN"=130
OR "RN"=200
OR "RN"=240
OR "RN"=2000)
16
rows selected.
SQL>
alter session set optimizer_index_caching=10;
Session altered.
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn
in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100,130,200,240,2000);
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 3506647781
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 12 | 252 | 3 (0)| 00:00:31 |
| 1 | INLIST ITERATOR | | | | | |
| 2 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 12 | 252 | 3 (0)| 00:00:31 |
|* 3 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 12 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:19 | --可以看到cost确实降低了
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 -
access("RN"=1
OR "RN"=2
OR "RN"=3
OR "RN"=4
OR "RN"=5
OR "RN"=6
OR
"RN"=7
OR "RN"=100
OR "RN"=130
OR "RN"=200
OR "RN"=240
OR "RN"=2000)
16
rows selected 嵌套循环连接示例：
SQL>
explain plan
for select /*+ use_nl(a b) */ *
from t a,t b
where a.rn=b.rn
and b.
name='sss';
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 752965310
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 42 | 8 (0)| 00:01:34 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | | | | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 42 | 8 (0)| 00:01:34 |
|* 3 |
TABLE ACCESS FULL | T | 1 | 21 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 4 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | | 1 (0)| 00:00:12 |
| 5 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 1 | 21 | 2 (0)| 00:00:24 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - filter("B"."NAME"='sss')
4 -
access("A"."RN"="B"."RN")
18
rows selected.
SQL>
alter session set optimizer_index_caching=10;
Session altered.
SQL>
explain plan
for select /*+ use_nl(a b) */ *
from t a,t b
where a.rn=b.rn
and b.
name='sss';
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 752965310
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 42 | 7 (0)| 00:01:22 |
| 1 | NESTED LOOPS | | | | | |
| 2 | NESTED LOOPS | | 1 | 42 | 7 (0)| 00:01:22 | --可以看到cost确实降低了
|* 3 |
TABLE ACCESS FULL | T | 1 | 21 | 6 (0)| 00:01:10 |
|* 4 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 5 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 1 | 21 | 1 (0)| 00:00:12 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
3 - filter("B"."NAME"='sss')
4 -
access("A"."RN"="B"."RN")
18
rows selected.
非in-list和嵌套循环操作，调整这个参数时，不会影响oracle优化器成本的运算，如下
SQL>
set linesize 200 pagesize 999
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:24 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 -
access("RN"<200)
14
rows selected.
SQL>
alter session set optimizer_index_caching=1;
Session altered.
SQL>
explain plan
for select *
from t
where rn<200;
Explained.
SQL>
select *
from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash
value: 470836197
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id |
Operation |
Name |
Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)|
Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 |
SELECT STATEMENT | | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
| 1 |
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T | 199 | 4179 | 3 (0)| 00:00:35 |
|* 2 |
INDEX RANGE SCAN | T_IDX | 199 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:24 | --可以看到cost确实没有改变
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified
by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
2 -
access("RN"<200)
14
rows selected.
