时间:2021-07-01 10:21:17 帮助过:30人阅读
EXPLAIN语句能够被用于获取一些关于SQL执行时的相关信息,比如表的连接顺序,对表的方式方式等等。通过对该相关信息进行进一步的分析,我们 可以通过对表添加适当的索引,以及优化连接顺序,使用提示等等手段来达到使SQL高效运行的目的。本文描述了EXPLAIN的用法并给出了相关示例。
EXPLAIN 语句主要是用于解析SQL执行计划,通过分析执行计划采取适当的优化方式提高SQL运行的效率。 EXPLAIN 语句输出通常包括id列,select_type,table,type,possible_keys,key等等列信息 MySQL 5.6.3后支持SELECT, DELETE, INSERT,REPLACE, and UPDATE. EXPLAIN EXTENDED支持一些额外的执行计划相关的信息 EXPLAIN PARTITIONS支持基于分区表查询执行计划的相关信息
-- 下面通过示例来展示EXPLAIN
输出列
(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain select sum(amount) from customer a,
-> payment b where 1=1 and a.customer_id=b.customer_id and
-> email='JANE.BENNETT@sakilacustomer.org'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: a
type: ALL
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 590
Extra: Using where
*************************** 2. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: b
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_fk_customer_id
key: idx_fk_customer_id
key_len: 2
ref: sakila.a.customer_id
rows: 14
Extra:
1、各列表示的意义
Column Meaning
------ ------------------------------------
id The SELECT identifier
select_type The SELECT type
table The table for the output row
partitions The matching partitions
type The join type
possible_keys The possible indexes to choose
key index actually chosen
key_len The length of the chosen key
ref The columns compared to the index
rows Estimate of rows to be examined
filtered Percentage of rows filtered by table condition
Extra Additional information
2、各列上的具体描述
id:
包含一组数字,表示查询中执行select子句或操作表的顺序
id相同,执行顺序由上至下,否则id值越大(通常子查询会产生)优先级越高,越先被执行
id如果相同,可以认为是一组,从上往下顺序执行;在所有组中,id值越大,优先级越高,越先执行
select_type:
表示查询中每个select子句的类型(简单 OR复杂)
select_type Value Meaning
------------- -----------------------------------------------
SIMPLE Simple SELECT (not using UNION or subqueries)
PRIMARY Outermost SELECT 最外层select
UNION Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION
DEPENDENT UNION Second or later SELECT statement in a UNION, dependent on outer query
UNION RESULT Result of a UNION.
SUBQUERY First SELECT in subquery
DEPENDENT SUBQUERY First SELECT in subquery, dependent on outer query(通常为相关子查询)
DERIVED Derived table SELECT (subquery in FROM clause)
MATERIALIZED Materialized subquery
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY A subquery for which the result cannot be cached and must be reevaluated
for each row of the outer query
UNCACHEABLE UNION The second or later select in a UNION that belongs to an uncacheable
subquery (see UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY)
table:
从哪个表(表名)上
输出行记录,也可能是下列值:
? 三、使用EXPLAIN EXTENDED 示例
(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain extended select * from city where country_id in
-> ( select country_id from country where country='China') and 1=1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: country
type: ALL
possible_keys: PRIMARY
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 109
filtered: 100.00
Extra: Using where
*************************** 2. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: city
type: ref
possible_keys: idx_fk_country_id
key: idx_fk_country_id
key_len: 2
ref: sakila.country.country_id
rows: 1
filtered: 100.00
Extra: NULL
2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost) [sakila]> show warnings\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Level: Note
Code: 1003
Message: /* select#1 */ select `city`.`city_id` AS `city_id`,`city`.`city` AS `city`,`city`.`country_id`
AS `country_id`,`city`.`last_update` AS `last_update` from `sakila`.`country` join `sakila`.`city` where
((`city`.`country_id` = `country`.`country_id`) and (`country`.`country` = 'China'))
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 从上面的extended使用可以看出,查询中多出了filtered列
-- 其次原来的SQL语句真正在执行的时候被改写,即原来的1=1的条件被去掉
-- 对于复杂的SQL语句我们可以通过该方式获得一个比较清晰的真正被执行的SQL语句
四、EXPLAIN PARTITIONS示例
(root@localhost) [sakila]> CREATE TABLE `actor_part` (
-> `actor_id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> `first_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
-> `last_name` varchar(45) NOT NULL,
-> `last_update` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
-> PRIMARY KEY (`actor_id`),
-> KEY `idx_actor_last_name` (`last_name`)
-> ) partition by hash(actor_id) partitions 4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
(root@localhost) [sakila]> insert into actor_part select * from actor;
Query OK, 200 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 200 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain select * from actor_part where actor_id=10; -- 未使用partitions时
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor_part | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 2 | const | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
(root@localhost) [sakila]> explain partitions select * from actor_part where actor_id=10; -- 使用partitions时
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | actor_part | p2 | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 2 | const | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 多出了partitions列